Linda
Susanne Gottfredson
[24
June 1947. Linda Susanne Howarth is born in San Francisco.]
[1965-67.
Linda Howarth is an undergraduate at the University of California
in Davis. During 1996-67, she works as a laboratory assistant
in viticulture and viniculture there. Her future first husband,
Gary Don Gottfredson, is also a student at UC Davis (and a lab
assistant in poultry husbandry).]
[19
April 1967. Linda Howarth marries Gary Don Gottfredson.
They transferred to the University of California in Berkeley after
their sophomore year. Both majored in psychology. Gary Gottfredson
is a son of Don Martin Gottfredson, a leading criminologist.
Don Martin Gottfredson received a Ph.D. in psychology from the
Claremont Graduate School in 1959 and subsequently taught psychology
at UC Davis. In 1965 he became the director of research
at the National Council on Crime and Delinquency in San Francisco,
and he was the founding editor of its Journal of Research on
Crime and Delinquency. In 1973 he became the founding
dean of the School of Criminal Justice at Rutgers University (Newark).
Three of his sons and two daughters-in-law became professional
social scientists.]
[1968-69.
Linda Gottfredson worked as a research aide at the Alameda County
Human Relations Commission in Oakland, where she helped plan projects
to decrease bias in ethnic and urban affairs reporting by studying
the organization of the news media.]
[1969.
Gary Don and Linda Gottfredson receive B.A. degrees in psychology
from the University of California at Berkeley. She was Phi
Beta Kappa. A 1991 press account states she taught in a
ghetto school while an undergraduate, but there are no references
to this in other accounts of her career.]
[1969-72.
Gary Don and Linda Gottfredson were Peace Corps volunteers in
Malaysia. She worked in Family Planning and Health Statistics,
Penang State Health Office, Georgetown, Malaysia.]
[1972.
Gary Don Gottfredson enters graduate school in psychology at the
Johns Hopkins University. This began an influx of members
of the Gottfredson family into Johns Hopkins. Linda Gottfredson
began graduate work in the Department of Social Relations in 1973.
Her brother-in-law, Stephen David Gottfredson, received a Ph.D.
in social psychology from Johns Hopkins in 1977; he subsequently
joined the criminal justice faculty at Temple University, then
was a professor and associate dean for academic affairs at Indiana
University's School of Public and Environmental Affairs, and now
is Dean of the College of Humanities and Science at Virginia Commonwealth
University in Richmond. (Another brother-in-law, Michael
Ryan Gottfredson, received a Ph.D. in criminology from the State
University of New York in Albany in 1976; he has since taught
at SUNY Albany, the University of Illinois, the Claremont Graduate
School, and the University of Arizona, where he is now a Professor
of Management and Policy and the Vice-President for Undergraduate
Education.) After receiving their Ph.D.s, Gary Don Gottfredson
and Linda Gottfredson joined the Johns Hopkins faculty. They divorced
in 1979 and the following year he married yet another Johns Hopkins
Ph.D. in psychology, Denise Claire Ruff. Linda Gottfredson
subsequently another professor in the Department of Social Relations
at Johns Hopkins, the criminologist Robert A. Gordon. Gary
Don Gottfredson, Linda Gottfredson, and Denise Gottfredson all
worked at the Center for Social Organization of Schools at Johns
Hopkins.]
[1972-73,
1974. Linda Gottfredson is a research assistant in the Department
of Behavioral Sciences in the School of Hygiene and Public Health
at Johns Hopkins.]
[1973.
Linda Gottfredson begins graduate study in the Department of Social
Relations at Johns Hopkins.]
1974
Gottfredson,
Linda S., Gary Don Gottfredson and John L. Holland. "Using
a Theoretical Typology to Understand the Congruences of People
and Jobs." Unpublished manuscript, Center for Social
Organization of Schools, Johns Hopkins University, 1974.
[Holland was a prominent occupational counseling
psychologist at Johns Hopkins. Both Linda and Gary Don Gottfredson
studied and worked with him.]
[14
November 1974. Journal of Vocational Behavior receives
the manuscript of Gottfredson, Holland and Gottfredson, "The
Relation of Vocational Aspirations and Assessments to Employment
Reality."]
1975
[Spring
1975. Linda Gottfredson is a teaching assistant for introductory
sociology in the Department of Social Relations at Johns Hopkins.]
[31
March 1975. Journal of Vocational Behavior receives
the manuscript of Holland, Gottfredson and Gottfredson, "Read
Our Reports and Examine the Data."]
Gottfredson,
Gary Don, John L. Holland and Linda S. Gottfredson. "The
Relation of Vocational Aspirations and Assessments to Employment
Reality." Journal of Vocational Behavior 7
(August 1975): 135-148.
Cited in:
Dale J Prediger and Gary R Hanson, "A
Theory of Careers Encounters Sex," Journal of Vocational
Behavior 8 (June 1976): 359-66
Dale J Prediger, "The Viability of Holland's
Consistency Construct and Raw Score Assessments of Personality,"
Measurement and Evaluation in Guidance 9 (October 1976):
124-31
Dale J Prediger, "Do Raw Scores Deserve
a D Minus?," Measurement and Evaluation in Guidance
9 (October 1976): 136-8
Gary R Hanson and Jack Rayman, "Validity
of Sex-Balanced Interest Inventory Scales," Journal of
Vocational Behavior 9 (December 1976): 279-91
John L Holland and Gary Don Gottfredson, "Using
a Typology of Persons and Environments to Explain Careers,"
Counseling Psychologist 6 (1976): 20-9
Dale J Prediger, "Alternatives for Validating
Interest Inventories Against Group Membership Criteria,"
Applied Psychological Measurement 1 (Spring 1977): 275-80
Patricia W Lunnenborg and Marian H Gerry, "Sex
Differences in Changing Sex-Stereotypical Vocational Interests,"
Journal of Counseling Psychology 24 (May 1977): 247-50
Robert H Dolliver and Robert N Hanson, Review
of The Self-Directed Self by John L Holland, in Measurement
and Evaluation in Guidance 10 (July 1977): 120-23
John L Holland, Comment in Measurement and
Evaluation in Guidance 10 (July 1977): 123-28
Gary R Hanson, et. al., "The Validity
of Diverse Procedures for Reporting Interest Scores," Journal
of Counseling Psychology 24 (November 1977): 487-93
Dale J Prediger and Gary R Hanson, "Some
Consequences of Using Raw Score Reports of Vocational Interests,"
Journal of Educational Measurement 14 (Winter 1977): 323-33
Gary Don Gottfredson and John L Holland, "Toward
Beneficial Resolution of the Interest Inventory Controversy,"
in Sex-Fair Interest Measurement, edited by Carol Kehr
Tittle and Donald G Zytowski, 43-51, Washington: National Institute
of Education 1978
Gary R Hanson, Richard J Noeth and Dale J Prediger,
"The Validity of Diverse Procedures for Reporting Interest
Scores" in Sex-Fair Interest Measurement, edited by
Carol Kehr Tittle and Donald G Zytowski, 53-59, Washington: National
Institute of Education 1978
Donald G Zytowski and Joan Laing, "Validity
of Other-Gender-Normed Scales on the Kuder Occupational Interest
Survey," Journal of Counseling Psychology 25 (May
1978): 205-9
Dale J Prediger and Gary R Hanson, "Must
Interest Inventories Provide Males and Females with Divergent
Vocational Guidance?" Measurement and Evaluation in Guidance
11 (July 1978): 88-98
Paul R Salomone and Robert B Slaney, "The
Applicability of Holland's Theory of Nonprofessional Workers,"
Journal of Vocational Behavior 13 (August 1978): 63-
Dale J Prediger and Richard R Lamb, "The
Validity of Sex-Balanced and Sex Restrictive Vocational Interest
Reports," Vocational Guidance Quarterly 28 (September
1978): 16-24
LS Gottfredson, "An Analytical Description
of Employment...," Journal of Vocational Behavior,
October 1978
Dale J Prediger and Richard J Noeth, "Effectiveness
of a Brief Counseling Intervention in Stimulating Vocational Exploration,"
Journal of Vocational Behavior 14 (June 1979): 352-68
LS Gottfredson, "Aspiration-Job Match,"
Journal of Counseling Psychology, July 1979
Richard R Lamb and Dale J Prediger, "Criterion-Related
Validity of Sex-Restrictive and Unisex Interest Scales,"
Journal of Vocational Behavior 15 (October 1979): 231-46
Dale J Prediger and RW Johnson, "Alternatives
to Sex-Restrictive Vocational Interest Assessment," ACT
Research Report (1979): 1
TA Smith, "Dental Practice and the Psychology
of Vocational Choice," Journal of the American Dental
Association 98 (1979): 538-44
Dale J Prediger, "On the Virtues of Raw-Scored
Interest Inventories," Journal of Counseling Psychology
27 (May 1980): 302-3
Dale J Prediger, "The Marriage Between
Tests and Career Counseling," Vocational Guidance Quarterly
28 (June 1980): 217-305
Richard R Lamb and Dale J Prediger, "Construct
Validity of Raw Score and Standard Score Reports of Vocational
Interests," Journal of Educational Measurement 17
(Summer 1980): 107-15
LS Gottfredson, "Construct Validity of
Holland's Occupational Typology...," Journal of Applied
Psychology, December 1980
Jomills Henry Braddock II, "The Major
Field Choices and Occupational Career Orientations of Black and
White College Students," in Black Students in Higher Education,
edited by Gail E Thomas, 167-87, Westport: Greenwood 1981
Dale J Prediger and Richard R Lamb, "Four-Year
Validity of Holland Types for College- Bound Males and Females,"
Journal of College Student Personnel 22 (March 1981):
133-40
Mary K Swatko, "What's in a Title?,"
Journal of Vocational Behavior 18 (April 1981): 174-83
LS Gottfredson and Becker, "A Challenge
to Vocational Psychology," Journal of Vocational Behavior,
April 1981
Ellen Piel Cook, "Sex Differences in the
Career Choices of College Students," Journal of College
Student Personnel 22 (May 1981): 256-61
LS Gottfredson and Brown, "Occupational
Differentiation Among White Men...," Journal of Vocational
Behavior, December 1981
Dale J Prediger, "A Note on Self-Directed
Validity Research for Females," Vocational Guidance Quarterly
30 (December 1981): 117-29
Gary Don Gottfredson, "An Assessment of
a Mobility-Based Occupational Classification for Placement and
Counseling," Journal of Vocational Behavior 21 (August
1982): 71-98
Richard J Noeth, "The Effects of Enhancing
Expressed Vocational Choice with Career Development Measure to
Predict Occupational Field," Journal of Vocational Behavior
22 (June 1983): 365-75
Ellen Greenberger and Laurence Steinberg, "Sex
Differences in Early Labor Force Experience," Social Forces
62 (December 1983): 467-86
Duane Brown, Linda Brooks and associates, Career
Choice and Development, San Francisco: Jossey Bass 1984
Ann E Winchell, "Conceptual Systems and
Holland's Theory of Vocational Choice," Journal of Personality
and Social Psychology 46 (February 1984): 376-83
Abby Aronowitz, et. al., "Sex Bias in
the Self-Directed Search Investigative Subscale," Journal
of Vocational Behavior 26 (April 1985): 146-54
Linda Brooks, William Holahan and Mary Galligan,
"The Effects of a Nontraditional Role-Modeling Intervention
on Sex Typing of Occupational Preferences and Career Salience
in Adolescent Females" Journal of Vocational Behavior
26 (June 1985): 264-76
Arnold R Spokane, "A Review of Research
on Person-Environment Congruence in Holland's Theory of Careers,"
Journal of Vocational Behavior 26 (June 1985): 306-43
John L Holland, "Author Biases, Errors
and Omissions in an Evaluation of the SDS Investigative Summary
Scale" Journal of Vocational Behavior 27 (December
1985): 374-6
John Speight Brizzi, "The Socialization
of Women's' Vocational Realism," Vocational Guidance Quarterly
34 (June 1986): 225-32
James M Richards, "Psychosocial Environments
of Black Colleges" Population and Environment 9 (Spring
1987): 41-53
Martin Heesacker, Timothy R Elliott and Lynn
A Howe, "Does the Holland Code Predict Job Satisfaction and
Productivity in Clothing Factory Workers?," Journal of
Counseling Psychology 35 (June 1988): 144
Consuelo Arbona, "Hispanic Employment
and the Holland Typology of Work," Career Development
Quarterly 37 (March 1989): 257-68
Richard T Lapan, et. al., "Self-Efficacy
as a Mediator of Investigative and Realistic General Occupational
Themes on the Strong-Campbell Interest Inventory," Journal
of Counseling Psychology 36 (April 1989): 176-82
Michael J White, et. al., "Occupational
Sex Stereotypes Among College Students," Journal of Vocational
Behavior 34 (June 1989): 289-98
Gary Don Gottfredson and John L Holland, "A
Longitudinal Test of the Influence of Congruence," Journal
of Counseling Psychology 37 (October 1990): 389-98
Rodney L Lowman, The Clinical Practice of
Career Assessment, Washington DC: American Psychological Association
1991
Consuelo Arbona and Diane M Novy, "Career
Aspirations and Expectations of Black, Mexican American and White
Students," Career Development Quarterly 39 (March
1991): 231-9
Saundra M Tomlinson and Gwendolyn Evans-Hughes,
"Gender, Ethnicity and College Students' Response to the
Strong-Campbell Interest Inventory," Journal of Counseling
and Development 70 (September-October 1991): 151-55
Terence J Tracey and James B Rounds, "Evaluating
the RIASEC Circumplex Using High-Point Codes," Journal
of Vocational Behavior 41 (December 1992): 295-311
Nancy E Betz, "Career Counseling for Women
in the Sciences and Engineering," in Career Counseling
for Women, edited by W Bruce Walsh and Samuel H Osipow, 237-61,
Hillsdale NJ: Erlbaum 1994
Darrell A Luzzo, "The Relationship Between
Career Aspiration-Current Occupation Congruence and the Career
Maturity of Undergraduates," Journal of Employment Counseling
32 (September 1995): 132-50
Barbara J Phipps, "Career Dreams of Preadolescent
Students," Journal of Career Development 22 (Fall
1995): 19-32
Gary Don Gottfredson, "Prestige in Vocational
Interests," Journal of Vocational Behavior 48 (February
1996): 68-72
Holland,
John L., Gary Don Gottfredson and Linda S. Gottfredson.
"Read Our Reports and Examine the Data: A Response
to Prediger and Cole." Journal of Vocational Behavior
7 (October 1975): 253-259.
Gottfredson,
Linda S., Gary Don Gottfredson and John L. Holland. "A
Complementary Perspective on Occupational Structuring."
Unpublished manuscript, Center for the Social Organization of
Schools, 1975.
1976
[1976-86.
Linda Gottfredson was an associate research scientist, then research
scientist, at the Center for Social Organization of Schools at
Johns Hopkins University. Her husband, Gary Don Gottfredson,
was also associated with the center, and eventually became its
principal research scientist.]
Gottfredson,
Gary Don. Using a Classification of Occupations to Describe
Work, Careers and Cultural Change. Ph.D. dissertation,
Department of Psychology, Johns Hopkins University, 1976.
Gottfredson,
Linda S. The Relation of Situs of Work to Occupational
Achievement. Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Sociology,
Johns Hopkins University, 1976.
Cited in:
LS Gottfredson, "Providing Black Youth
More Access to Enterprising Work," Vocational Guidance
Quarterly, December 1978
1977
[1977-
. Gary Don Gottfredson is a member of the faculty of both
the Psychology and Social Relations Departments at Johns Hopkins
University. His fields of research include vocational
psychology, program evaluation, criminal justice and delinquency.
He has taught the course there on industrial and organizational
psychology.]
[1977-86.
Linda Gottfredson was an Assistant Professor of Social Relations
at Johns Hopkins University.]
[April
1977. Meeting of the American Educational Research Association,
in Toronto. Gottfredson presents "Differential Educational
Payoff Models and Theories of the Diversity of Human Talents."
This is cited in Gottfredson, The Role of Intelligence and
Education in the Division of Labor, November 1984.]
Gottfredson,
Linda S. "A Multiple-Labor Market Model of Occupational
Achievement." Report no. 225, Center for Social Organization
of Schools, Johns Hopkins University, 1977.
[This contains material from her dissertation.]
Cited
in:
James M McPartland, "Desegregation and
Equity in Higher Education and Employment: Is Progress Related
to the Desegregation of Elementary and Secondary Schools?,"
Law and Contemporary Problems 42 (Summer 1978): 108-32
LS Gottfredson, "Aspiration-Job Match,"
Journal of Counseling Psychology, July 1979
LS Gottfredson, "Construct Validity of
Holland's Occupational Typology ...," Journal of Applied
Psychology, December 1980
Paula England, "Assessing Trends in Occupational
Sex Segregation, 1900-1976," in Sociological Perspectives
on Labor Markets, edited by Ivar Berg, 273-95, New York: Academic
Press 1981
Vincent Tinto, "Higher Education and Occupational
Attainment in Segmented Labor Markets," Higher Education
10 (September 1981): 499-516
Ronald D'Amico and Timothy Brown, "Patterns
of Labor Mobility in a Dual Economy," Social Science Research
11 (June 1982): 153-75
LS Gottfredson,
The Role of Intelligence and Education in the Division of Labor,
November 1984
[28
August 1977. Annual meeting of the American Psychological
Association. Gottfredson presents a version of "Providing
Black Youth More Access to Enterprising Jobs."]
1978
[5
January 1978. Journal of Vocational Behavior receives
the manuscript of Gottfredson, "An Analytical Description
of Employment According to Race, Sex, Prestige and Holland Type
of Work."]
Gottfredson,
Gary Don, and John L. Holland. "Toward Beneficial Resolution
of the Interest Inventory Controversy." In Sex-Fair
Interest Measurement: Research and Implications, edited
by Carol Kehr Tittle and Donald G Zytowski, 43-51. Washington
DC: National Institute of Education, April 1978.
[The authors thank Linda Gottfredson for comments.]
Gottfredson,
Linda S. "An Analytical Description of Employment
According to Race, Sex, Prestige, and Holland Type of Work."
Report no. 249, Center for Social Organization of Schools, Johns
Hopkins University, 1978.
Cited
in:
Jomills Henry Braddock II, "The Major
Field Choices and Occupational Career Orientations of Black and
White College Students," in Black Students in Higher Education,
edited by Gail E Thomas, 167-87, Westport: Greenwood 1981
Gottfredson,
Linda S. "Race and Sex Differences in Occupational
Aspirations: Their Development and Consequences for Occupational
Segregation." Report no. 254, Center for Social Organization
of Schools, Johns Hopkins University, 1978.
Cited
in:
Gottfredson, "Aspiration-Job Match,"
Journal of Counseling Psychology, July 1979
Jomills Henry Braddock II, "Race, Sports
and Social Mobility," Sociological Symposium, no.
30 (Spring 1980): 18-38
Gail E Thomas, "Race and Sex Differences
and Similarities in the Process of College Entry," Higher
Education 9 (March 1980): 179-202
Walter R Allen, "Preludes to Attainment,"
Sociological Quarterly 21 (Winter 1980): 65-79
Jomills Henry Braddock II, "The Major
Field Choices and Occupational Career Orientations of Black and
White College Students," in Black Students in Higher Education,
edited by Gail E Thomas, 167-87, Westport: Greenwood 1981
Judy Corder-Bolz,
"Gender Roles," in Handbook of Applied Sociology,
edited by Marvin E Olsen and Michael Micklin, 295-319, NY:
Praeger 1981
Jomills Henry Braddock II, "Race, Athletics
and Educational Attainment," Youth and Society 12
(March 1981): 335-50
A Regula Herzog, "High School Seniors'
Occupational Plans and Values," Sociology of Education
55 (January 1982): 1-13
G Diane Knight, William E Sedlacek and Thomas
D Bachhuber, "Occupational Status and Career Development
Needs of Recent Female College Graduates," Journal of
College Student Personnel 24 (March 1983): 152-6
Marvin P Dawkins, "Black Students' Occupational
Expectations," Urban Education 18 (April 1983): 98-113
Ellen Greenberger and Laurence Steinberg, "Sex
Differences in Early Labor Force Experience," Social Forces
62 (December 1983): 467-86
Phyllis Post-Kammer
and Philip L Smith, "Sex Differences in Career Self-Efficacy,
Consideration and Interests of 8th and 9th Graders," Journal
of Counseling Psychology 32 (October 1985): 551-59
Frederick TL Leong, "Career Development
of Asian Americans," Journal of College Student Personnel
26 (November 1985): 539-46
Alyce C Martinez, William E Sedlacek and Thomas
D Bachhuber, "Male and Female College Graduates - 7 Months
Later," Vocational Guidance Quarterly 34 (December
1985): 77-84
Amy Stuart Wells and Robert L Crain, "Perpetuation
Theory and the Long-Term Effects of School Desegregation,"
Review of Educational Research 64 (Winter 1994): 531-55
Gottfredson, Linda S. "The Construct Validity of Holland's
Occupational Typology in Terms of Prestige, Census, Department
of Labor, and Other Classification Systems." Report
no. 260, Center for Social Organization of Schools, Johns Hopkins
University, September 1978.
Cited
in:
Gottfredson, "Construct Validity of Holland's
Occupational Typology ...," Journal of Applied Psychology,
December 1980
John L Holland, TM Magoon and Arnold R Spokane,
"Counseling Psychology," Annual Review of Psychology
32 (1981): 279-305
Jomills Henry Braddock II, "The Major
Field Choices and Occupational Career Orientations of Black and
White College Students," in Black Students in Higher Education,
edited by Gail E Thomas, 167-87, Westport: Greenwood 1981
Gottfredson, Linda S., and Vicky C. Brown. "Holland
Codes for the 1960 and 1970 Censuses: Detailed Occupational Titles."
JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology 8 (1978):
22.
Cited
in:
LS Gottfredson, "An Analytical Description
of Employment According to Race, Sex, Prestige and Holland Type
of Work," Journal of Vocational Behavior, October
1978
LS Gottfredson, "Providing Black Youth
More Access to Enterprising Work," Vocational Guidance
Quarterly, December 1978
LS Gottfredson, "Aspiration-Job Match,"
Journal of Counseling Psychology, July 1979
LS Gottfredson, "Construct Validity of
Holland's Occupational Typology ...," Journal of Applied
Psychology, December 1980
LS Gottfredson and Becker, "A Challenge
to Vocational Psychology," Journal of Vocational Behavior,
April 1981
LS Gottfredson, "Circumscription and Compromise,"
Journal of Counseling Psychology, November 1981
LS Gottfredson and Brown, "Occupational
Differentiation Among White Men in the 1st Decade After High School,"
Journal of Vocational Behavior, December 1981
Denise C Gottfredson, "Personality and
Persistence in Education," Journal of Personality and
Social Psychology 43 (September 1982): 532-45
LS Gottfredson, Finucci and Childs, "Explaining
the Adult Careers of Dyslexic Boys," Journal of Vocational
Behavior, June 1984
LS Gottfredson, The Role of Intelligence
and Education in the Division of Labor, November 1984
Ruth E Fassinger, "A Causal Model of College
Women's Career Choice," Journal of Vocational Behavior
27 (August 1985): 123-53
Neville B Taylor and Robert GL Pryor, "Exploring
the Process of Compromise in Career Decision-Making," Journal
of Vocational Behavior 27 (October 1985): 171-90
Harold D Grotevant, Catherine R Cooper and
Kathryn Kramer, "Exploration as a Predictor of Congruence
in Adolescents' Career Choices," Journal of Vocational
Behavior 29 (October 1986): 201-15
LS Gottfredson, "Societal Consequences
of the g Factor in Employment," Journal of Vocational
Behavior, December 1986
James M Richards, "Psychosocial Environments
of Black Colleges," Population and Development 9 (Spring
1987): 41-53
LS Gottfredson, "The Practical Significance
of Black-White Differences in Intelligence" Behavioral
and Brain Sciences, September 1987
Consuelo Arbona, "Hispanic Employment
and the Holland Typology of Work," Career Development
Quarterly 37 (March 1989): 257-68
Robert GL Pryor
and Neville B Taylor, "Circumscription and Compromise,"
Australian Psychologist 24 (March 1989): 101-13
Ruth E Fassinger, "Causal Models of Career
Choice in Two Samples of College Women," Journal of Vocational
Behavior 36 (April 1990): 225-48
Peter Glick, "Trait-Based and Sex-Based
Discrimination in Occupational Prestige, Occupational Salary and
Hiring," Sex Roles 25 (September 1991): 351-78
Peter Glick, Korin Wilk and Michele Perreault,
"Images of Occupations," Sex Roles 32 (May 1995):
565-82
McPartland,
James M. "Desegregation and Equity in Higher Education
and Employment: Is Progress Related to the Desegregation of Elementary
and Secondary Schools?" Law and Contemporary Problems
42 (Summer 1978): 108-132.
[McPartland was co-director of the Center
for Social Organization of Schools at Johns Hopkins University.
He thanks Gottfredson for comments.]
[September
1978. Annual meeting of the American Psychological Association,
in Toronto. Gottfredson presents a version of "Aspiration-Job
Match: Age Trends in a Large, Nationally Representative
Sample of Young White Men."]
Gottfredson,
Linda S. "An Analytical Description of Employment
According to Race, Sex, Prestige, and Holland Type of Work."
Journal of Vocational Behavior 13 (October 1978): 210-221.
[Grant NIE-400-77-0054.]
Cited in:
Gottfredson, "Aspiration-Job Match,"
Journal of Counseling Psychology, July 1979
W Bruce Walsh, "Vocational Behavior and
Career Development, 1978," Journal of Vocational Behavior
15 (October 1979): 119-54
Thomas F Harrington and Arthur J O'Shea, "Applicability
of the Holland (1973) Model of Vocational Development with Spanish-Speaking
Clients," Journal of Counseling Psychology 27 (May
1980): 246-51
Gottfredson and Becker, "A Challenge to
Vocational Psychology," Journal of Vocational Behavior,
April 1981
Mary K Swatko, "What's in a Title,"
Journal of Vocational Behavior 18 (April 1981): 174-83
Gottfredson, "Circumscription and Compromise,"
Journal of Counseling Psychology, November 1981
Gottfredson and Brown, "Occupational Differentiation
Among White Men in the 1st Decade After High School," Journal
of Vocational Behavior, December 1981
Robert B Slaney and Michael T Brown, "Effects
of Race and Socioeconomic Status on Career Choice Variables Among
College Men," Journal of Vocational Behavior 23 (December
1983): 257-69
Adrian Furnham and Rosemary Schaeffer, "Person-Environment
Fit, Job Satisfaction and Mental Health," Journal of Occupational
Psychology 57 (December 1984): 295-307
Carol J Foss and Robert B Slaney, "Increasing
Nontraditional Career Choices in Women," Journal of Vocational
Behavior 28 (June 1986): 191-202
Rhoda W Cummings and Cleborne D Maddux, "Self-Administration
and Scoring Errors of Learning-Disabled and Non Learning-Disabled
Students on Two Forms of the Self-Directed Search," Journal
of Counseling Psychology 34 (January 1987): 83-5
James M Richards, "Psychosocial Environments
of Black Colleges," Population and Development 9 (Spring
1987): 41-53
Rhoda W Cummings and Cleborne D Maddux, "Holland
Personality Types Among Learning Disabled and Nonlearning Disabled
High School Students," Exceptional Children 54 (October
1987): 167-70
Sheila Parker Greenlee, Fred L Damarin and
W Bruce Walsh, "Congruence and Differentiation Among Black
and White Males in Two Non-College-Degreed Occupations,"
Journal of Vocational Behavior 32 (June 1988): 298-306
Michael T Brown, Michael J White and Lawrence
H Gerstein, "Self-Monitoring Processes and Holland Vocational
Preferences Among College Students," Journal of Counseling
Psychology 36 (April 1989): 183-8
Consuelo Arbona, "Hispanic Employment
and the Holland Typology of Work," Career Development
Quarterly 37 (March 1989): 257-68
Jo-Ann S Hannah and Sharon E Kahn, "The
Relationship of Socioeconomic Status and Gender to the Occupational
Choices of Grade 12 Students," Journal of Vocational Behavior
34 (April 1989): 161-78
Bonita C Long and Sharon E Kahn, "A Structural
Model Approach to Occupational Stress Theory and Women's Careers,"
in Methodological Approaches to the Study of Career, edited
Richard A Young and William A Borgen, 235-43, New York: Praeger
1990
Beryl
Hesketh, Colleen Durant and Robert Pryor, "Career Compromise,"
Journal of Vocational Behavior 36 (February 1990): 97-108
Consuelo Arbona, "Career Counseling Research
and Hispanics," Counseling Psychologist 18 (April
1990): 300-23
Consuelo Arbona and Diane M Novy, "Career
Aspirations and Expectations of Black, Mexican-American and White
Students," Career Development Quarterly 39 (March
1991): 231-39
Adrian Furnham and James Walsh, "Consequences
of Person-Environment Incongruence," Journal of Social
Psychology 131 (April 1991): 187-204
Adrian Furnham, et. al., "P-E Fit and
Job Satisfaction," Personality and Individual Differences
19 (November 1995): 667-90
Jennifer M Ryan, Terence JG Tracey and
James Rounds, "Generalizability of Holland's Structure of
Vocational Interests Across Ethnicity, Gender and Socioeconomic
Status," Journal of Counseling Psychology 43 (July
1996): 330-37
[8
November 1978. Journal of Counseling Psychology receives
Gottfredson, "Aspiration-Job Match."]
Gottfredson,
Linda S. "Providing Black Youth More Access to Enterprising
Work." Vocational Guidance Quarterly 27 (December
1978): 114-123.
Cited in:
James M McPartland, "Desegregation and
Equity in Higher Education and Employment: Is Progress Related
to the Desegregation of Elementary and Secondary Students?,"
Law and Contemporary Problems 42 (Summer 1978): 108-32
Gottfredson, "Aspiration-Job Match,"
Journal of Counseling Psychology, July 1979
W Bruce Walsh, "Vocational Behavior and
Career Development, 1978," Journal of Vocational Behavior
15 (October 1979): 119-54
Thomas F Harrington and Arthur J O'Shea, "Applicability
of the Holland (1973) Model of Vocational Development with Spanish-Speaking
Clients," Journal of Counseling Psychology 27 (May
1980): 246-51
Jomills Henry Braddock II, "The Major
Field Choices and Occupational Career Orientations of Black and
White College Students," in Black Students in Higher Education,
edited by Gail E Thomas, 167-87, Westport: Greenwood 1981
Connie M Ward and W Bruce Walsh, "Concurrent
Validity of Holland's Theory for Non-College Degreed Black Women,"
Journal of Vocational Behavior 18 (June 1981): 356-61
Leroy Miles, "Midlife Career Change for
Blacks," Vocational Guidance Quarterly 30 (September
1981): 5-13
Gottfredson and Brown, "Occupational Differentiation
Among White Men in the 1st Decade After High School," Journal
of Vocational Behavior, December 1981
Ronald H Fredrickson, Career Information,
Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall 1982
W Bruce Walsh et al, "Holland's Theory
and Non-College Degreed Working Black and White Women," Journal
of Vocational Behavior 22 (April 1983): 182-90
Duane Brown, Linda
Brooks and associates, Career Choice and Development, San
Francisco: Jossey Bass 1984
Gottfredson, Finucci and Childs, "Explaining
the Adult Careers of Dyslexic Boys," Journal of Vocational
Behavior, June 1984
Gottfredson, The Role of Intelligence and
Education in the Division of Labor, November 1984
James M Richards Jr, "Psychosocial Environments
of Black Colleges," Population and Development 9 (Spring
87): 41-53
1979
[April
1979. Meeting of the American Educational Research Association
(AERA), in San Francisco. Gottfredson reads "Racial
Differences in the Evolution of Educational and Occupational Aspirations."
This is cited in: Thomas N Daymont and Paul J Andrisani, "The
Research Uses of the National Longitudinal Surveys," Review
of Public Data Use 11 (October 1983): 203-310]
Gottfredson,
Linda S. "Aspiration-Job Match: Age Trends in
a Large, Nationally Representative Sample of Young White Men."
Journal of Counseling Psychology 26 (July 1979):
319-328.
[Gottfredson thanks Robert A Gordon for
advice.]
Cited
in:
Albeno P Garbin and Ronald G Stover, "Vocational
Behavior and Career Development, 1979," Journal of Vocational
Behavior 17 (October 1980): 125-70
John L Holland, TM Magoon and Arnold R Spokane,
"Counseling Psychology," Annual Review of Psychology
32 (1981): 279-305
Gottfredson and Becker, "A Challenge to
Vocational Psychology," Journal of Vocational Behavior,
April 1981
Gottfredson and Brown, "Occupational Differentiation
Among White Men ..., " Journal of Vocational Behavior,
December 1981
Murray Scher, "Counseling Males,"
Personnel and Guidance Journal 60 (December 1981): 198
Samuel H Osipow, Theories of Career Development,
3rd edition, Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall 1983
David K Hollingsworth and Carol J Mastroberti,
"Women, Work and Disability," Personnel and Guidance
Journal 61 (June 1983): 587-91
Richard J Noeth, "The Effects of Enhancing
Expressed Vocational Choice with Career Development Measures to
Predict Occupational Field," Journal of Vocational Behavior
22 (June 1983): 365-75
Thomas N Daymont and Paul J Andrisani, "The
Research Uses of the National Longitudinal Surveys," Review
of Public Data Use 11 (October 1983): 203-310
Joan Marshall, "Reducing the Effects of
Work Oriented Values on the Lives of Male American Workers,"
Vocational Guidance Quarterly 32 (December 1983): 109-115
Arnold R Spokane, "A Review of Research
on Person-Environment Congruence in Holland's Theory of Careers,"
Journal of Vocational Behavior 26 (June 1985): 306-43
Nancy E Betz, Louise F Fitzgerald and Raymond
E Hill, "Trait-Factor Theories," in Handbook of Career
Theory, edited by Michael B Arthur, et. al., 26-40, Cambridge
University Press 1989
Consuelo Arbona and Diane M Novy, "Career
Aspirations and Expectations of Black, Mexican-American and White
Students," Career Development Quarterly 39 (March
1991): 231-39
Darrell A Luzzo, "The Relationship Between
Career Aspiration-Current Occupation Congruence and the Career
Maturity of Undergraduates," Journal of Employment Counseling
32 (September 1995): 132-50
Gottfredson,
Linda S. "The Implications of Some Results of Labor
Market Studies for Stratification Theory." Paper presented
at the Annual Meeting of the American Sociological Association,
Boston, August 1979.
Cited
in:
Thomas N Daymont and Paul J Andrisani, "The
Research Uses of the National Longitudinal Surveys," Review
of Public Data Use 11 (October 1983): 203-310
David B Bills, Daramea S Godfrey and Archibald
O Haller, "A Scale to Measure the Socioeconomic Status of
Occupations in Brazil," Rural Sociology 50 (Summer
1985): 225-50
[September
1979. Annual meeting of the American Psychological Association,
in New York. Gottfredson and Becker read "A Challenge
to Vocational Psychology: How Important Are Aspirations in Determining
Career Development." Cited in Mary K Swatko, "What's
in a Title?," Journal of Vocational Behavior 18 (April
1981): 174-83.]
[17
December 1979. Journal of Applied Psychology receives
the manuscript of Gottfredson, "Construct Validity of Holland's
Occupational Typology ..."]
[December
1979. Gary Don and Linda Gottfredson are divorced. One year
later he marries Denise C Ruff, a graduate student in psychology
at Johns Hopkins, and she marries Robert A Gordon, a Professor
of Social Relations at Johns Hopkins.]
1980
Braddock,
Jomills Henry, II. "Race, Sports, and Social Mobility."
Sociological Symposium, no. 30 (Spring 1980): 18-38.
[Gottfredson commented on a draft and was cited
in the paper. Braddock was also at the Center for Social
Organization of Schools.]
Gottfredson,
Linda S. "Change and Development in Careers."
Final report for grant NIE 6-76-0075. Center for Social
Organization of Schools, Johns Hopkins University, April 1980.
Cited
in:
Gottfredson, "Circumscription and Compromise,"
Journal of Counseling Psychology November 1981
Thomas N Daymont and Paul J Andrisani, "The
Research Uses of the National Longitudinal Surveys," Review
of Public Data Use 11 (October 1983): 203-310
[3
April 1980. Journal of Vocational Behavior receives
the manuscript of Gottfredson and Becker, "A Challenge to
Vocational Psychology."]
Gottfredson,
Linda S. "How Valid Are Occupational Reinforcer Pattern
Scores?" Report no. 292, Center for Social Organization
of Schools, Johns Hopkins University, 1980.
Cited
in:
Gottfredson, "Construct Validity of Holland's
Occupational Typology..." Journal of Applied Psychology,
December 1980
Gottfredson, "Circumscription and Compromise,"
Journal of Counseling Psychology, November 1981
Gottfredson,
Linda S., and Henry J. Becker. "A Challenge to Vocational
Psychology: How Important Are Aspirations in Determining Male
Career Development?" Report no. 294, Center for Social
Organization of Schools, Johns Hopkins University, 1980.
Cited
in:
John L Holland, TM Magoon and Arnold R Spokane,
"Counseling Psychology," Annual Review of Psychology
32 (1981): 279-305
Gottfredson and Becker, "A Challenge to
Vocational Psychology," Journal of Vocational Behavior,
April 1981
[1980.
Annual meeting of the American Psychological Association, in Montreal.
Gottfredson reads "Race, Sex and Social Class: Perils
and Parallels." This is cited in Thomas N Daymont and
Paul J Andrisani, "The Research Uses of the National Longitudinal
Surveys," Review of Public Data Use 11 (October 1983):
203-310.
At a symposium on the future of counseling
psychology, four members of the APA Division 17 working committee
on scientific affairs present papers. After the meeting,
the working committee widely distributes the papers, soliciting
comments. Gottfredson is among the respondents.]
[5
November 1980. Journal of Counseling Psychology receives
the manuscript of Gottfredson, "Circumscription and Compromise."]
Gottfredson,
Linda S. "Construct Validity of Holland's Occupational
Typology in Terms of Prestige, Census, Department of Labor, and
Other Classification Systems." Journal of Applied
Psychology 65 (December 1980): 697-714.
Cited in:
Kathryn M Bartol, "Vocational Behavior
and Career Development, 1980," Journal of Vocational Behavior
19 (October 1981): 123-62
Gottfredson and Brown, "Occupational Differentiation
Among White Men in the First Decade After High School," Journal
of Vocational Behavior, December 1981
AP Jones, et. al., "Narrative Job Descriptions
as Potential Sources of Job Analysis Ratings," Personnel
Psychology 35 (1982): 813-28
Rodney L Lowman and Susan J Schurman, "Psychometric
Characteristics of a Vocational Preference Inventory Short Form,"
Educational and Psychological Measurement 42 (Summer 1982):
601-13
Dale J Prediger, "Dimensions Underlying
Holland's Hexagon," Journal of Vocational Behavior
21 (December 1982): 259-87
Bruce J Eberhardt and Paul R Muchinsky, "Structural
Validation of Holland's Hexagonal Model," Journal of Applied
Psychology 69 (February 1984): 174-81
Gottfredson, "Occupational Aptitude
Patterns Map," Journal of Vocational Behavior, October
1986
Rodney L Lowman, "Occupational Choice
as a Moderator of Psychotherapeutic Approach," Psychotherapy
24 (Winter 1987): 801-809
John C Smart, "Life History Influences
on Holland Vocational Type Development," Journal of Vocational
Behavior 34 (February 1989): 69-87
Rodney L Lowman, The Clinical Practice of
Career Assessment, Washington: American Psychological Association
1991
Alice M Hyland and Paul M Muchinsky, "Assessment
of the Structural Validity of Holland's Model with Job Analysis
(PAQ) Information," Journal of Applied Psychology
76 (February 1991): 75-80
Terence J Tracey and James Rounds, "Evaluating
the RIASEC Circumplex Using High-Point Codes," Journal
of Vocational Behavior 41 (December 1992): 295-311
Terence JG Tracey and James Rounds, "The
Spherical Representation of Vocational Interests," Journal
of Vocational Behavior 48 (February 1996): 3-41
Victoria A Shivy, SD Phillips and LM Koehly,
"Knowledge Organization as a Factor in Career Intervention
Outcome: A Multidimensional Scaling Analysis," Journal
of Counseling Psychology 43 (April 1996): 178-86
Gottfredson, "Why g Matters," Intelligence
24 (January-February 1997): 79-132
Todd J Maurer and Beverly A Tarulli, "Managerial
Work, Job Analysis, and Holland's RIASEC Vocational Environment
Dimensions," Journal of Vocational Behavior 50 (June
1997): 365-381
Vernon G Zunker and Debra S Norris, Using Assessment
Results for Career Development, 5th edition, Pacific Grove
CA: Brooks/Cole 1998
Alan S Kaufman and James E Mclean, "An Investigation
Into the Relationship Between Interests and Intelligence,"
Journal of Clinical Psychology 54 (February 1998): 279-295
Gottfredson,
Linda S. "An Outsider's View of Research Priorities."
Unpublished paper, [c1980].
[This is a response to the APA Division
17 scientific affairs working committee's solicitation of comments
on the papers presented by its members at the 1980 APA annual
meeting. It is cited in Leonore Harmon, "Scientific
Affairs - The Next Decade," Counseling Psychologist
10 (1982): 31-37.]
[c.1980.
Gottfredson marries Robert A Gordon.]
1981
Gottfredson,
Linda S., E. Simonsick, and F. Voorstad. "Occupational
Statistics and Vocational Analysis." In 1980 Proceedings
of the Social Statistics Section of the American Statistical Association,
98-107. Washington, D.C.: American Statistical Association,
1981.
Cited
in:
Gottfredson, "Vocational Research Priorities,"
Counseling Psychologist 1982
Gottfredson,
Linda S, and Paul E. White. "Interorganizational Agreements."
In Handbook of Organizational Design, vol. 1, Adapting
Organizations to Their Environments, edited by Paul C. Nystrom
and William Starbuck, 471-486. Oxford: Oxford University
Press, 1981.
Cited
in:
Eric M Eisenberg, "Ambiguity as Strategy
in Organizational Communication," Communication Monographs
51 (September 1984): 227-42
James D Forbes, "Organizational and Political
Dimensions of Consumer Pressure Groups," Journal of Consumer
Policy 8 (June 1985): 105-21
Rudi K Bresser and Johannes E Harl, "Collective
Strategy," Academy of Management Review 11 (April
1986): 408-27
Marc J Dollinger, "The Evolution of Collective
Strategies in Fragmented Industries," Academy of Management
Review 15 (April 1990): 266-85
Jan B Heide and Anne S Miner, "The Shadow
of the Future," Academy of Management Journal 35 (June
1992): 265-91
Allen C Bluedorn, "Pilgrim's Progress,"
Journal of Management 19 (Summer 1993): 163-91
Joseph L Soeters, "Managing Euroregional
Networks," Organization Studies 14 (1993): 639-56
Jan B Heide and Rodney L Stump, "Performance
Implications of Buyer-Supplier Relationships in Industrial Markets,"
Journal of Business Research 32 (January 1995): 57-66
Greg Young, Ken G Smith and Curtis M Grimm,
"'Austrian' and Industrial Organization Perspectives on Firm-Level
Competitive Activity and Performance," Organization Science
7 (May-June 1996): 243-254
Gottfredson,
Linda S., and Henry J. Becker. "A Challenge to Vocational
Psychology: How Important Are Aspirations in Determining Male
Career Development?" Journal of Vocational Behavior
18 (April 1981): 121-137.
[Funded by NIE-G-76-0075 and NIE-G-80-0013.]
Cited
in:
Gottfredson, "Circumscription and Compromise,"
Journal of Counseling Psychology, November 1981
LS Gottfredson and Brown, "Occupational
Differentiation Among White Men ...," Journal of Vocational
Behavior, December 1981
Bruce R Fretz and Frederick TL Leong, "Vocational
Behavior and Career Development, 1981," Journal of Vocational
Behavior 21 (October 1982): 123-63
LS Gottfredson, "Vocational Research Priorities,"
Counseling Psychologist, 1982
Richard J Noeth, "The Effects of Enhancing
Expressed Vocational Choice with Career Development Measures to
Predict Occupational Field," Journal of Vocational Behavior
22 (June 1983): 365-75
Thomas N Daymont and Paul J Andrisani, "The
Research Uses of the National Longitudinal Surveys," Review
of Public Data Use 11 (October 1983): 203-310
Duane Brown, Linda Brooks and associates,
Career Choice and Development, San Francisco: Jossey Bass
1984
Jennifer M Kidd, "The Relationship of
Self and Occupational Concepts to Occupational Preferences of
Adolescents," Journal of Vocational Behavior 24 (February
1984): 48-65
Robert G Rose, "The Use of Conditional
Probabilities in Applications of Holland's Theory," Journal
of Vocational Behavior 25 (December 1984): 284-9
Arnold R Spokane, "A Review of Research
on Person-Environment Congruence in Holland's Theory of Careers,"
Journal of Vocational Behavior 26 (June 1985): 306-43
Louise Fitzgerald and Catherine Cherpas, "On
the Reciprocal Relationship Between Gender and Occupation,"
Journal of Vocational Behavior 27 (August 1985): 109-12
Mary C Regan and Helen E Roland, "Rearranging
Family and Career Priorities," Journal of Marriage and
the Family 47 (November 1985): 985-92
Harold D Grotevant, Catherine R Cooper and
Kathryn Kramer, "Exploration as a Predictor of Congruence
in Adolescents' Career Choices," Journal of Vocational
Behavior 29 (October 1986): 201-15
William B McNulty and William A Borgen, "Career
Expectations and Aspirations of Adolescents," Journal
of Vocational Behavior 33 (October 1988): 217-24
Sheila
P Greenlee, Fred L Damarin and W Bruce Walsh, "Congruence
and Differentiation Among Black and White Males in Two Non-College-Degreed
Occupations," Journal of Vocational Behavior 32 (June
1988): 298-306
Nancy E Betz, Louise F Fitzgerald and Raymond
E Hill, "Trait-Factor Theories" in Handbook of Career
Theory, edited by Michael B Arthur, et. al., 26-40, Cambridge
University Press, 1989
Nigel Nicholson and Michael Wet, "Transitions,
Work Histories and Careers," in Handbook of Career Theory,
edited by Michael B Arthur, et. al., 181-201, Cambridge University
Press, 1989
Joanne M Stohs, "Young-Adult Predictors
and Midlife Outcomes of Male Fine Art Careers," Career
Development Quarterly 38 (March 1990): 213-29
Consuelo Arbona, "Career Counseling Research
and Hispanics," Counseling Psychologist 18 (April
1990): 300-23
Judy M Chartrand
and Charissa Camp, "Advances in the Measurement of Career-Development
Constructs," Journal of Vocational Behavior 39 (August
1991): 1-39
Janice M Thompson, Robert J Flynn and Shirley
A Griffith, "Congruence and Coherence as Predictors of Congruent
Employment Outcomes," Career Development Quarterly
42 (March 1994): 271-81
Laurie Johnson, "A Multidimensional Analysis
of the Vocational Aspirations of College Students," Measurement
and Evaluation in Counseling and Development 28 (April 1995):
25-44
Darrell A Luzzo, "The Relationship Between
Career Aspiration-Current Occupation Congruence and the Career
Maturity of Undergraduates," Journal of Employment Counseling
32 (Sept 1995): 132-50
Jay W Rojewski, "Impact of At-Risk Behavior
on the Occupational Aspirations and Expectations of Male and Female
Adolescents in Rural Settings," Journal of Career Development
22 (Fall 1995): 33-48
Jay W Rojewski,
"Educational and Occupational Aspirations of High School
Seniors with Learning Disabilities," Exceptional Children
62 (March-April 1996): 463-76
Jay W Rojewski, "Occupational Aspirations
and Early Career Choice Patterns of Adolescents with and Without
Learning Disabilities," Learning Disability Quarterly
19 (1996): 99-116
Jay W Rojewski, "Characteristics of Students
Who Express Stable or Undecided Occupational Expectations During
Early Adolescence," Journal of Career Assessment 5
(Winter 1997): 1-20
AK Mullis and RL Mullis, "Vocational Interests
of Adolescents: Relationships Between Self-Esteem and Locus of
Control," Psychological Reports 81 (1997): 1363-1371
Jay W Rojewski and BY Yang, "Longitudinal
Analysis of Select Influences on Adolescents' Occupational Aspirations,"
Journal of Vocational Behavior 51 (1997): 375-410
[22
June 1981. Journal of Counseling Psychology receives
revision of Gottfredson's "Circumscription and Compromise."]
[1981.
At the annual meeting of the American Psychological Association
in Los Angeles, Gottfredson reads "Studying the Effects of
Social Change on Minority Career Development." This is cited
in her "Creating and Criticizing Theory" Journal
of Vocational Behavior, October 1983.]
Gottfredson,
Linda S. "Circumscription and Compromise: A Developmental
Theory of Occupational Aspirations." Monograph.
Journal of Counseling Psychology 28 (November 1981):
545-579.
[This remains Gottfredson's most widely
cited paper. In it she acknowledges advice from Robert A.
Gordon.]
Cited
in:
John L Holland, "The SDS Helps Both Males
and Females," Vocational Guidance Quarterly 30 (March
1982): 195-7
Gary Don Gottfredson, "An Assessment of
a Mobility-Based Occupational Classification for Placement and
Counseling," Journal of Vocational Behavior 21 (August
1982): 71-98
Bruce R Fretz and Frederick TL Leong, "Vocational
Behavior and Career Development, 1981," Journal of Vocational
Behavior 21 (October 1982): 123-63
Gottfredson, "Vocational Research Priorities,"
Counseling Psychologist 1982
Gottfredson, "The Sex Fairness of Unnormed
Interest Inventories," Vocational Guidance Quarterly
December 1982
Samuel H Osipow, Theories of Career Development,
3rd edition, Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall 1983
Helen S Farmer, "Career and Homemaking
Plans for High School Youth," Journal of Counseling Psychology
30 (January 1983): 40-45
Larry R Cochran, "Level of Career Aspiration
and Strength of Career Orientation," Journal of Vocational
Behavior 23 (August 1983): 1-10
Fred W Vondracek,
Richard M Lerner and John E Schulenberg, "The Concept of
Development in Vocational Theory and Intervention," Journal
of Vocational Behavior 23 (October 1983): 179-202
Gottfredson, "Creating and Criticizing
Theory," Journal of Vocational Behavior, October 1983
Vondracek, Lerner and Schulenberg, "On
Aspiring to Present a Developmental Theory of Occupational Aspirations,"
Journal of Vocational Behavior 23 (October 1983): 213-8
Richard A Young, "Career Development of
Adolescents," Journal of Youth and Adolescence 12
(October 1983): 401-17
Duane Brown, Linda Brooks and associates, Career
Choice and Development, San Francisco: Jossey Bass 1984
Fred H Borgen, "Counseling Psychology,"
Annual Review of Psychology 35 (1984): 579-604
Constance L Hollinger, "The Impact of
Gender Schematic Processing on the Self Directed Search Responses
of Gifted and Talented Female Adolescents," Journal of
Vocational Behavior 24 (February 1984): 15-27
Patricia Rogan Sherman, "The Counselor
as Change Agent," Counseling Psychologist 12 (1984):
111-16
Helen S Astin, "The Meaning of Work in
Women's Lives," Counseling Psychologist 12 (1984):
117-26
Louise F Fitzgerald and Nancy E Betz, "Astin's
Model in Theory and Practice," Counseling Psychologist
12 (1984): 135-8
CB Bernard, "Commentary on the Meaning
of Work," Counseling Psychologist 12 (1984): 135-8
Sharon E Kahn, "Astin's Model of Career
Development," Counseling Psychologist 12 (1984): 145-6
Gottfredson, The Role of Intelligence and
Education in the Division of Labor, November 1984
Frank M Howell, Wolfgang Frese and Carlton
Sollie, "The Measurement of Perceived Opportunity for Occupational
Attainment," Journal of Vocational Behavior 25 (December
1984): 325-43
Marilyn Haring-Hidore and Karen Beyard-Tyler,
"Counseling and Research on Nontraditional Careers,"
Vocational Guidance Quarterly 33 (December 1984): 113-9
Ellen Brantlinger, "What Low Income Parents
Want From Schools," Interchange 16 (Winter 85): 14-28
Robert GL Pryor, "Toward Exorcising the
Self-Concept from Psychology," Journal of Counseling Psychology
32 (January 1985): 154-58
Gottfredson, "Role of Self-Concept in
Vocational Theory," Journal of Counseling Psychology,
January 2985
Ellen Piel Cook, "Sex Roles and Work Roles,"
Vocational Guidance Quarterly 33 (March 1985): 277-83
Helen S Farmer, "The Role of Typical Female
Characteristics in Career and Achievement Motivation," Youth
and Society 16 (March 1985): 315-34
Millicent E Poole and George H Cooney, "Adolescent
Awareness and Exploration of Possibilities of Self," Journal
of Vocational Behavior 26 (June 1985): 251-63
Linda Brooks, William Holahan and Mary Galligan,
"The Effects of a Nontraditional Role-Modeling Intervention
on Sex Typing of Occupational Preferences and Career Salience
in Adolescent Females," Journal of Vocational Behavior
26 (June 1985): 264-76
Arnold R Spokane, "A Review of Research
on Person-Environment Congruence in Holland's Theory of Careers,"
Journal of Vocational Behavior 26 (June 1985): 306-43
Robert GL Pryor, "Eradicating Sex-Role
Stereotypes," Vocational Guidance Quarterly 33 (June
1985): 277-83
Helen S Farmer, "Model of Career and Achievement
Motivation for Women and Men," Journal of Counseling Psychology
32 (July 1985): 363-90
James A Athanasou, "Career Interests and
Ethnic Backgrounds," Australian Psychologist 20 (July
1985): 153-61
Beryl Hesketh, "In Search of a Conceptual
Framework for Vocational Psychology," Journal of Counseling
and Development 64 (September 1985): 26-30
Robert A Chubon, "Career-Related Needs
of Schoolchildren with Severe Physical Disabilities," Journal
of Counseling and Development 64 (September 1985): 47-51
Neville B Taylor and Robert GL Pryor, "Exploring
the Process of Compromise in Career Decision-Making," Journal
of Vocational Behavior 27 (October 1985): 171-90
Fred R Borgen, et. al., "Vocational Behavior
and Career Development, 1984," Journal of Vocational Behavior
27 (October 1985): 218-69
Lisa K Koski and Linda M Sublich, "Career
and Homemaking Choices of College Preparatory and Vocational Education
Students," Vocational Guidance Quarterly 34 (December
1985): 116-23
F Gendre, et. al., "Perception of the
Professional World by Adolescents in Switzerland," Travail
humain 48 (1985): 111-27
F Gendre, "Vers un orientation professionelle
individualisee," Revue de Psychologie Appliquee 35
(1985): 19-33
Millicent E Poole and George H Cooney, "Cultural
Differences in the Exploration of Career and Leisure Possibilities
by Adolescents in Australia and Singapore," Australian
Journal of Education 29 (1985): 249-65
Dov Winer and Itamar Gati, "Cognitive
Complexity and Interest Crystallization," Journal of Vocational
Behavior 28 (Feb 86): 48-59
Linda Mezydlo Subich, et. al., "Occupational
Perceptions of Males and Females as a Function of Sex Ratios,
Salary and Availability," Journal of Vocational Behavior
28 (April 1986): 123-34
Carol J Foss and Robert B Slaney, "Increasing
Nontraditional Career Choices in Women," Journal of Vocational
Behavior 28 (June 1986): 191-202
John Speight Brizzi, "The Socialization
of Women's' Vocational Realism," Vocational Guidance Quarterly
34 (June 1986): 225-32
Sandra Schwartz Tangri and Sharon R Jenkins,
"Stability and Change in Role Innovation and Life Plans,"
Sex Roles 14 (June 1986): 647-62
Mark J Miller, "Usefulness of Gati's Hierarchical
Model of Vocational Interests for Career Counselors," Journal
of Employment Counseling 23 (June 1986): 57-65
Mark J Miller and TJ Stanford, "Sex Differences
in Occupational Choices of 2nd Grade Black Children," Psychological
Reports 59 (August 1986): 273-4
Mark J Miller, "A Not-So-Trivial Pursuit
Game for Career Counselors," Career Development Quarterly
35 (September 1986): 53-58
Jeffrey H Greenhaus and Saroj Parasuraman,
"Vocational and Organizational Behavior, 1985," Journal
of Vocational Behavior 29 (October 1986): 115-76
Itamar Gati, "Making Career Decisions,"
Journal of Counseling Psychology 33 (October 1986): 408-17
Robert Pryor and Neville Taylor, "What
Could I Do If I Couldn't Do What I Wanted to Do," Australian
Psychologist 21 (November 1986): 363-76
Millicent E Poole and George H Cooney, "Work
and Leisure Relationships," Journal of Youth and Adolescence
15 (December 1986): 475-86
Robert A Gordon, "Jensen's Contributions
Concerning Test Bias," in Arthur Jensen: Consensus and
Controversy, edited by Sohan Modgil and Celia Modgil, 77-154,
New York: Falmer 1987
Samuel H Opisow, "Counseling Psychology,"
Annual Review of Psychology 38 (1987): 257-78
Bert W Westbrook, et. al., "Reliability
and Construct Validity of New Measures of Career Maturity for
11th Grade Students," Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling
and Development 20 (April 1987): 18-26
Itamar Gati and Dov Winer, "The Relationship
Between Vocational Interests and the Location of the Ideal Occupation
in the Individual's Perceived Occupational Structure," Journal
of Vocational Behavior 30 (June 1987): 295-308
Yael Benyamini and Itamar Gati, "Perception
of Occupations," Journal of Vocational Behavior 30
(June 87): 309-29
Bert W Westbrook, Eleanor E Sanford and Marion
Youngblood, "The Relationship Between Cognitive Career Maturity
and Self-Reported Career Maturity of High School Students,"
Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development
20 (July 1987): 51-61
AD Lassalle and Arnold R Spokane, "Patterns
of Early Labor Force Participation of American Women," Career
Development Quarterly 36 (September 1987): 55-65
Mark J Miller and Jeffrey T Stanford, "Early
Occupational Restriction," Journal of Employment Counseling
24 (September 1987): 115-21
Louise F Fitzgerald and Lawrence J Hubert,
"Multidimensional Scaling," Journal of Counseling
Psychology 34 (October 1987): 469-80
Robert B Slaney and Joyce EA Russell, "Perspectives
on Vocational Behavior, 1986," Journal of Vocational Behavior
31 (October 1987): 111-173
Itamar Gati and Dov Winer, "Using Career
Grid Data to Compare Models of the Structure of Occupations,"
Career Development Quarterly 36 (December 1987): 113-25
Mark J Miller, "Career Counseling for
High School Students, Grades 10-12," Journal of Employment
Counseling 24 (December 1987): 173-83
Andrew A Helwig, "Information Required
for Job Hunting," Journal of Employment Counseling
24 (December 1987): 184-90
F Gendre, in Schweizerische Zeitschrift
für Psychologie 46 (1987): 155-71
Robert B Slaney, "The Assessment of Career
Decision Making," in Career Decision Making ed W Bruce
Walsh and Samuel H Osipow, 33-76, Hillsdale: Erlbaum 1988
Susan Henderson, Beryl Hesketh and Keith Tuffin,
"A Test of Gottfredson's Theory of Circumscription,"
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Thomas J Bouchard Jr and Nancy L Segal, "Work Values: Genetic
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Cheryl G Bartholomew, "Horizons 2000:
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Jeffrey P Price, "Influences on the Career
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Jay W Rojewski, "Occupational Aspirations
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Ruth E Fassinger, "Notes from the Margins:
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Susan Lonborg and Janet Phillips, "Investigating
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Counseling Psychologist 24 (July 1996): 360-99
Darrell Anthony Luzzo, "Exploring the
Relationship Between the Perception of Occupational Barriers and
Career Development," Journal of Career Development
22 (Summer 1996): 239-48
Michael T Brown. et. al., "Annual Review,
1990-96," Journal of Vocational Behavior 49 (October
1996): 159-89
Gary Don Gottfredson, "The Assessment
of Career Status with the Career Attitudes and Strategies Inventory,"
Journal of Career Assessment 4 (Fall 1996): 363-381
Darrell Anthony Luzzo and Kathy Garrison Hutcheson,
"Causal Attributions and Sex Differences Associated with
Perceptions of Occupational Barriers," Journal of Counseling
and Development 75 (November-December 1996): 124-30
Richard T Lapan, P Shaughnessy and K Boggs,
"Efficacy Expectations and Vocational Interests as Mediators
Between Sex and Choice of Math/Science College Majors," Journal
of Vocational Behavior 49 (December 1996): 277-91
Thomas D Cook, et. al., "The Development
of Occupational Aspirations and Expectations Among Inner-City
Boys," Child Development 67 (December 1996): 3368-3385
Edgar Krau, The Realization of Life Aspirations
Through Vocational Careers, Westport: Praeger 1997
Susan D Phillips and Anne R Imhoff, "Women
and Career Development: A Decade of Research," Annual
Review of Psychology 48 (1997): 31-59
Jay W Rojewski, "Characteristics of Students
Who Express Stable or Undecided Occupational Expectations During
Early Adolescence," Journal of Career Assessment 5
(Winter 1997): 1-20
Leslie Martin Rainey and L DiAnne Borders, "Influential
Factors in Career Orientation and Career Aspiration of Early Adolescent
Girls," Journal of Counseling Psychology 44 (April
1997): 160-172
Itamar Gati, Daphna Houminer and Naomi Fassa,
"Framings of Career Compromises: How Career Counselors Can
Help," Career Development Quarterly 45 (June 1997):
390-399
Michael T Brown, Andrea I Eisenberg, and Shlomo
S Sawilowsky, "Traditionality and the Discriminating Effect
of Expectations of Occupational Success and Occupational Values
for Women within Math-Oriented Fields," Journal of Vocational
Behavior 50 (June 1997): 418-431
Roger L Worthington and Cindy L Juntunen, "The
Vocational Development of Non-College-Bound Youth: Counseling
Psychology and the School-to-Work Transition Movement," Counseling
Psychologist 25 (July 1997): 323-363
Helen S Farmer, "Women's' Motivation Related
to Mastery, Career Salience and Career Aspiration: A Multivariate
Model Focusing on the Effects of Sex-Role Socialization,"
Journal of Career Assessment 5 (Fall 1997): 355-381
Linda Gottfredson and Richard T Lapan, "Assessing
Gender-Based Circumscription of Occupational Aspirations,"
Journal of Career Assessment 5 (Fall 1997): 419-441
FD Naylor, et. al., "Sex, Status, and
Generic Interests in Fields of Work, Parents and Offspring, and
Fields of Study," Australian Psychologist 32 (1997):
12-18
Nicholas Ladany, et. al., "At-Risk Urban
High School Students' Commitment to Career Choices," Journal
of Counseling and Development 76 (Winter 1997): 45-52
Jay W Rojewski and BY Yang, "Longitudinal
Analysis of Select Influences on Adolescents' Occupational Aspirations,"
Journal of Vocational Behavior 51 (1997): 375-410
Ismael Abu-Saad and Richard E Isralowitz, "Gender
as a Determinant of Work Values Among University Students in Israel,"
Journal of Social Psychology 137 (December 1997): 749-763
CK Greene and WL Stittgohdes, "Factors
That Influence Women's' Choices to Work in the Trades," Journal
of Career Development 23 (1997): 265-278
MB Watson, et. al., "Occupational Aspirations
of Black South African Adolescents," Psychological Reports
80 (1997): 637-635
ME Morningstar, "Critical Issues in Career
Development and Employment Preparation for Adolescents with Disabilities,"
Remedial and Special Education 18 (1997): 307-320
Norman C Gysbers, Mary J Heppner and Joseph
A Johnston, Career Counseling: Process, Issues and Techniques,
Boston: Allyn and Bacon, 1998
LaRae M Jome and
David M Tokar, "Dimensions of Masculinity and Major Choice
Traditionality," Journal of Vocational Behavior 52
(February 1998): 120-134
Geraldine S Brooks and Judith C Daniluk, "Creative
Labors: The Lives and Careers of Women Artists," Career
Development Quarterly 46 (March 1998): 246-261
Gottfredson,
Linda S. "A Skills Map: The General and Specific Competencies
Required in Different Occupations." Careers Program
Technical Report, Center for Social Organization of Schools, Johns
Hopkins University, November 1981.
[Funded by NIE-G-80-0013.]
Cited
in:
Gottfredson, Finucci and Childs, "Explaining
the Adult Careers of Dyslexic Boys," Journal of Vocational
Behavior, June 1984
Gottfredson, The Role of Intelligence and
Education in the Division of Labor, November 1984
Gottfredson, "Occupational Aptitude Patterns
Map," Journal of Vocational Behavior October 1986
Laura Burris Desmarais and Paul R Sackett,
"Investigating a Cognitive Complexity Hierarchy of Jobs,"
Journal of Vocational Behavior 43 (December 1993): 279-97
Gottfredson,
Linda S., and Vicky C. Brown. "Occupational Differentiation
Among White Men in the First Decade After High School."
Journal of Vocational Behavior 19 (December 1981):
251-89.
Cited
in:
Bruce R Fretz and Frederick TL Leong, "Vocational
Behavior and Career Development, 1981," Journal of Vocational
Behavior 21 (1982): 123-63
Thomas N Daymont and Paul J Andrisani, "The
Research Uses of the National Longitudinal Surveys," Review
of Public Data Use 11 (October 1983): 203-310
Gottfredson, Finucci and Childs, "Explaining
the Adult Careers of Dyslexic Boys," Journal of Vocational
Behavior, June 1984
Gottfredson, The Role of Intelligence and
Education in the Division of Labor, November 1984
Gottfredson, "The Role of Self-Concept
in Vocational Theory," Journal of Counseling Psychology,
January 1985
Gerald V Barrett and Robert L Depinet, "A
Reconsideration of Testing for Competence Rather Than for Intelligence,"
American Psychologist 46 (October 1991): 1012-24
Gerald V Barrett, Ralph A Alexander and Dennis
Doverspike, "The Implications for Personnel Selection of
Apparent Declines in Predictive Validities Over Time," Personnel
Psychology 45 (Fall 1992): 601-17
Laurie Johnson, "A Multidimensional Analysis
of the Vocational Aspirations of College Students," Measurement
and Evaluation in Counseling and Development 28 (April 1995):
25-44
1982
Gottfredson,
Linda S. "Magic with Sex Differences: Now You See
Them, Now You Don't; A Comment on 'A Note on Self-Directed Search
Validity for Females'." Center for Social Organization
of Schools, Johns Hopkins University, February 1982.
Cited
in:
Duane Brown, Linda Brooks and associates, Career
Choice and Development, San Francisco: Jossey Bass 1984
Gottfredson,
Gary Don. "An Assessment of a Mobility-Based Occupational
Classification for Placement and Counseling." Journal
of Vocational Behavior 21 (August 1982): 71-98.
[The author thanks Linda Gottfredson for assistance
in locating and using Census Bureau and Department of Labor data.]
Gottfredson,
Linda S. "Vocational Research Priorities." Counseling
Psychologist 10 (1982): 69-84.
Cited
in:
Gottfredson, "Creating and Criticizing
Theory," Journal of Vocational Behavior, October 1983
Richard A Young, "Career Development of
Adolescents," Journal of Youth and Adolescence 12
(October 1983): 401-17
James B Rounds Jr and Michael A Zevon, "Multidimensional
Scaling Research in Vocational Psychology," Applied Psychological
Measurement 7 (Fall 1983): 491-510
Robert B Slaney and Michael T Brown, "Effects
of Race and Socioeconomic Status on Career Choice Variables Among
College Men," Journal of Vocational Behavior 23 (December
1983): 257-69
"Historical Periods in the Development
of Counseling Psychology," Counseling Psychologist
12 (1984): 3-109
Barbara J Yanico and Susan I Hardin, "College
Students' Self-Estimated and Actual Knowledge of Gender Traditional
and Nontraditional Occupations," Journal of Vocational
Behavior 28 (June 1986): 229-40
John Friesen, "The Role of the Family
in Vocational Development," International Journal for
the Advancement of Counseling 9 (1986): 87-96
Lucienne A Lee, et. al., "Gender Bias
in Subject Samples in Counseling Psychology," Journal
of Counseling Psychology 34 (January 1987): 73-6
Gail Hackett, Robert W Lent and Jeffrey H Greenhaus,
"Advances in Vocational Theory and Research," Journal
of Vocational Behavior 38 (February 1991): 3-38
Leonore W Harmon, "20 Years of the Journal
of Vocational Behavior," Journal of Vocational Behavior
39 (December 1991): 297-304
Louise F Fitzgerald and Nancy E Betz, "Career
Development in Cultural Context," in Convergence in Career
Development Theories, edited by Mark L Savickas and Robert
W Lent, pp. 103-17, Palo Alto: CPP 1994
Gottfredson,
Linda S. "The Sex Fairness of Unnormed Interest Inventories."
Vocational Guidance Quarterly 31 (December 1982):
128-132.
Cited in:
Dale J Prediger, "Are Raw Interest Scores
Valid and Sex Fair?," Vocational Guidance Quarterly
31 (December 1982): 133-6
Charles C Healy and Don L Mourton, "The
Self-Directed Search Personality Scales and Career Maturity,"
Measurement and Evaluation in Guidance 17 (April 1984):
3-14
Arnold R Spokane, "A Review of Research
on Person-Environment Congruence in Holland's Theory of Careers,"
Journal of Vocational Behavior 26 (June 1985): 306-43
Gabriel Cirino-Gerena, et. al., "Validez
comparada del Sistema Cirino para la Planficacion de Carreras
y el Sistema para las Toma de Decisiones de Harrington y O'Shea,"
Revista Interamericana de Psicologia 25 (1991): 93-102
Walter Engelbrecht, "Computerunterstutzte
berufsbezogene Testauswertung im Dienst der Berufsberatung,"
Zeitschrift für Arbeits- und Organisationspsychologie 38
(1994): 175-81
[c.
1982. Gottfredson gives birth to twin daughters.]
1983
Gottfredson,
Linda S. "The Validity of an Occupational Classification
Based on Job Competencies for Assessing Employability."
Washington, D.C.: National Institute of Education, January
1983.
[Grant NIE-G-80-0013.]
Cited
in:
Gottfredson, The Role of Intelligence and
Education in the Division of Labor, November 1984
Gottfredson, "Occupational Aptitude Patterns
Map," Journal of Vocational Behavior October 1986
[5
January 1983. Journal of Vocational Behavior receives
manuscript of Gottfredson, "Creating and Criticizing Theory."]
Gottfredson,
Linda S., Joan M. Finucci, and Barton Childs. "The
Adult Occupational Success of Dyslexic Boys: A Large-Scale,
Long-Term Follow-Up." Report no. 334, Center for Social
Organization of Schools, Johns Hopkins University, March 1983.
[Grants NICHD-00486 and NIE-G-80-0013.]
Cited
in:
Harry E Hartzell and C. Compton, "Learning
Disability: 10 Year Follow-Up," Pediatrics 74 (1984):
1058-64
Gottfredson, Finucci and Childs, "Explaining
the Adult Careers of Dyslexic Boys," Journal of Vocational
Behavior, June 1984
Margaret B Rawson, "The Bright Future,"
Annals of Dyslexia 35 (1985): 13-17
Finucci, Gottfredson and Childs, "A Follow-Up
Study of Dyslexic Boys," Annals of Dyslexia 1985
Otfried Spreen, "Prognosis of Learning
Disability," Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology
56 (December 1988): 836-42
Gottfredson,
Linda S., Joan M. Finucci, and Barton Childs. "Career
Processes and Dyslexia." Manuscript submitted for
publication, 1983.
Cited
in:
Gottfredson, Finucci and Childs, "Explaining
the Adult Careers of Dyslexic Boys," Journal of Vocational
Behavior, June 1984
[10
August 1983. Journal of Vocational Behavior receives
the manuscript of Gottfredson, Finucci and Childs, "Explaining
the Adult Careers of Dyslexic Boys."]
[13
September 1983. Journal of Counseling Psychology
receives the manuscript of Pryor, "Toward Exorcising the
Self-Concept From Psychology."]
Vondracek,
Fred W., Richard M. Lerner and John E. Schulenberg. "The
Concept of Development in Vocational Theory and Intervention."
Journal of Vocational Behavior 23 (October 1983):
179-202.
Gottfredson,
Linda S. "Creating and Criticizing Theory."
Journal of Vocational Behavior 23 (October 1983):
203-212.
[Response to Vondracek, Lerner and Schulenberg.]
Cited
in:
Vondracek, Lerner and Schulenberg, "On
Aspiring to Present a Developmental Theory of Occupational Aspirations,"
Journal of Vocational Behavior 23(October 1983): 179-202
Vondracek and Schulenberg, "Career Development
in Adolescence," Vocational Guidance Quarterly 34
(June 1986): 247-54
Samuel H. Opisow, "Counseling Psychology,"
Annual Review of Psychology 38 (1987): 257-78
Hilary M. Pearson and Sharon E. Kahn, "Women
Clerical Workers," Career Development Quarterly 37
(March 1989): 249-56
Robert GL Pryor and Neville B Taylor, "Circumscription
and Compromise," Australian Psychologist 24 (March
1989): 101-13
Gail Hackett, Robert W. Lent and Jeffrey H.
Greenhaus, "Advances in Vocational Theory and Research,"
Journal of Vocational Behavior 38 (February 1991): 3-38
Oliver CS Tzeng and Jay W Jackson, "Common
Methodological Framework for Theory Construction and Evaluation
in the Social and Behavioral Sciences," Genetic, Social
and General Psychology Monographs 117 (February 1991): 49-76
Mary Sue Richardson, "Work in People's
Lives," Journal of Counseling Psychology 40 (October
1993): 425-33
Vondracek,
Fred W., Richard M. Lerner and John E. Schulenberg. "On
Aspiring to Present a Developmental Theory of Occupational Aspirations:
A Reader's Guide to Gottfredson." Journal of Vocational
Behavior 23 (October 1983): 213-218.
1984
Gottfredson,
Linda S. "An Outsider's View of Research Priorities."
In The Coming Decade in Counseling Psychology, edited
by John M. Whiteley, et. al., 199-226. Schenectady:
Character Research Press, 1984.
Cited
in:
Bruce R Fretz, "Research Training in Counseling
Psychology: Introduction," Counseling Psychology 14
(1986): 3-8
Nancy E Betz, "Research Training in Counseling
Psychology," Counseling Psychologist 14 (1986): 107-113
Judy M Chartrand and Charissa Camp, "Advances
in the Measurement of Career Development Constructs," Journal
of Vocational Behavior 39 (August 1991): 1-39
Anita G Jackson-Wilson and Sherry B Borgers,
"Disaffiliation Revisited," Sex Roles 28 (April
1993): 361-77
[3
January 1984. Journal of Counseling Psychology receives
revision of Pryor, "Toward Exorcising the Self-Concept From
Psychology."]
[February
1984. Journal of Vocational Behavior, vol. 24, no.
1, adds Gottfredson to its Editorial Board. She replaces
her former husband, Gary Don Gottfredson, who had been on Board
1977-83.]
Gottfredson,
Linda S., Joan M. Finucci, and Barton Childs. "The
Adult Occupational Success of Dyslexic Boys: Results of Long-Term
Follow-Up and Implications for Research and Counseling."
Education and Work Progress Report, Center for Social Organization
of Schools, Johns Hopkins University, 1984.
Cited
in:
Gottfredson, The Role of Intelligence and
Education in the Division of Labor, November 1984
Gottfredson,
Linda S., Joan M. Finucci and Barton Childs. "Explaining
the Adult Careers of Dyslexic Boys: Variations in Critical
Skills for High-Level Jobs." Journal of Vocational
Behavior 24 (June 1984): 355-373.
Cited
in:
Gottfredson, The Role of Intelligence and
Education in the Division of Labor, November 1984
Joan Finucci, Gottfredson and Barton Childs,
"A Follow-Up Study of Dyslexic Boys," Annals of Dyslexia,
1985
Fred R Borgen, et. al., "Vocational Behavior
and Career Development, 1984," Journal of Vocational Behavior
27 (October 1985): 218-69
LS Gottfredson, "Occupational Aptitude
Patterns Map," Journal of Vocational Behavior, October
1986
Maggie Bruck, "The Adult Outcomes of Children
with Learning Disabilities," Annals of Dyslexia 37
(1987): 252-63
Arnold R Spokane and BK Hawks, "Practice
and Research in Career Counseling and Development, 1989,"
Career Development Quarterly 39 (December 1990): 98-128
Anna Gajar, "Adults with Learning Disabilities,"
Journal of Learning Disabilities 25 (October 1992): 507-19
Jay W Rojewski, "Educational and Occupational
Aspirations of High School Seniors with Learning Disabilities"
Exceptional Children 62 (March-April 1996): 463-76
Jay W Rojewski, "Occupational Aspirations
and Early Career Choice Patterns of Adolescents with and Without
Learning Disabilities," Learning Disability Quarterly
19 (1996): 99-116
Kenneth A Kavale and Steven R Forness, "Learning
Disability Grows Up: Rehabilitation Issues for Individuals with
Learning Disabilities," Journal of Rehabilitation
62 (1996): 34-41
LS Gottfredson, "Why g Matters,"
Intelligence 24 (January-February 1997): 79-132
[7
August 1984. Journal of Counseling Psychology receives
the manuscript of Gottfredson, "Role of Self-Concept in Vocational
Theory."]
Gottfredson,
Linda S. "The Role of Intelligence and Education in
the Division of Labor." Report no. 355, Center for
Social Organization of Schools, Johns Hopkins University, November
1984.
Cited
in:
LS Gottfredson, "Occupational Aptitude
Patterns Map" Journal of Vocational Behavior, October
1986
LS Gottfredson, "Societal Consequences
of the g Factor in Employment," Journal of Vocational
Behavior, December 1986
Robert A Gordon, "SES versus IQ in the
Race-IQ-Delinquency Model," Issues in Contemporary Criminology
7 (1987): 30-96
Robert A Gordon, "Jensen's Contributions
Concerning Test Bias," in Arthur Jensen: Consensus and
Controversy, edited by Sohan Modgil and Celia Modgil, 77-154,
New York: Falmer 1987
Gottfredson, "The Practical Significance
of Black-White Differences in Intelligence," Behavioral
and Brain Sciences, September 1987
Kenneth I Spenner, "Occupations, Work
Settings and the Course of Adult Development," Life-Span
Development and Behavior 9 (1988): 243-85
Gottfredson, "Reconsidering Fairness,"
Journal of Vocational Behavior, December 1988
Dale J Prediger, "Ability Differences
Across Occupations: More Than 'g'," Journal of Vocational
Behavior 34 (February 1989): 1-27
Gottfredson, "The Evaluation of Alternative
Measures of Job Performance," 1991
John B Carroll, Human Cognitive Abilities,
Cambridge University Press, 1993
Laura Burris Desmarais and Paul R Sackett,
"Investigating a Cognitive Complexity Hierarchy of Jobs,"
Journal of Vocational Behavior 43 (December 1993): 279-97
Terry W Morris and Edward M Levinson, "Relationship
Between Intelligence and Occupational Adjustment and Functioning,"
Journal of Counseling and Development 73 (May-June 1995):
503-14
Gottfredson, "Why g Matters," Intelligence
24 (January-February 1997): 79-132
Gottfredson,
Linda S. "An Occupational Aptitude Patterns Map and Its Implications
for a Theory of Job Aptitude Requirements." Unpublished
paper, 1984.
Cited
in:
Gottfredson, The Role of Intelligence and
Education in the Division of Labor, November 1984
1985
Gottfredson,
Linda S. "Education as a Valid But Fallible Signal
of Worker Quality: Reorienting an Old Debate About the Functional
Basis of the Occupational Hierarchy." In Research
in Sociology of Education and Socialization, vol. 5, edited
by Alan C. Kerckhoff, 123-169. Greenwich, Connecticut:
JAI Press, 1985.
Cited
in:
Julian C Stanley, Review of Straight Talk
About Mental Tests by Arthur R Jensen, in Educational and
Psychological Measurement 46 (1986): 482-85
J Philippe Rushton, Christine H Littlefield
and Charles J Lumsden, "Gene Culture Coevolution of Complex
Social Behavior: Human Altruism and Mate Choice," Proceedings
of the National Academy of Sciences 83 (October 1986): 7340-43
LS Gottfredson, "Occupational Aptitude
Patterns Map," Journal of Vocational Behavior, October
1986
LS Gottfredson, "Societal Consequences
of the g Factor in Employment" Journal of Vocational Behavior,
December 1986
Robert A Gordon, "Jensen's Contributions
Concerning Test Bias," in Arthur Jensen: Consensus and
Controversy, edited by Sohan Modgil and Celia Modgil, 77-154,
New York: Falmer 1987
Robert A Gordon, "SES versus IQ in the
Race-IQ-Delinquency Model," Issues in Contemporary Criminology
7 (1987): 30-96
LS Gottfredson, "The Practical Significance
of Black-White Differences in Intelligence," Behavioral
and Brain Sciences, September 1987
LS Gottfredson, "Reconsidering Fairness,"
Journal of Vocational Behavior, December 1988
LS Gottfredson, "The Evaluation of Alternative
Measures of Job Performance," 1991
Peter Mueser and Tim Maloney, "Ability,
Human Capital and Employer Screening," Southern Economic
Journal 57 (January 1991): 676-89
David C Paris, "Schools, Scapegoats, and
Skills: Educational Reform and the Economy," Policy Studies
Journal 22 (Spring 1994): 10-24
F Linnehan, "Measuring the Effectiveness
of a Career Academy Program from an Employer's Perspective,"
Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis 18 (1996): 73-89
LS Gottfredson, "Why g Matters,"
Intelligence 24 (January-February 1997): 79-132
Robert A Gordon, "Everyday Life as an
Intelligence Test: Effects of Intelligence and Intelligence Context,"
Intelligence 24 (January-February 1997): 203-320
G Farkas, et. al., "Cognitive Skill, Skill
Demands of Jobs, and Earnings Among Young European-American, African-American,
and Mexican-American Workers," Social Forces 75 (1997):
913-938
Finucci, Joan M., Linda S. Gottfredson and Barton Childs.
"A Follow-Up Study of Dyslexic Boys." Annals
of Dyslexia 35 (1985): 117-136.
Cited
in:
Otfried Spreen, "Prognosis of Learning
Disability," Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology
56 (December 1988): 836-42
Pryor, Robert G.L. "Toward Exorcising the Self-Concept
From Psychology: Some Comments on Gottfredson's Circumscription/Compromise
Theory." Journal of Counseling Psychology
32 (January 1985): 154-158.
Gottfredson,
Linda S. "Role of Self-Concept in Vocational Theory."
Journal of Counseling Psychology 32 (January 1985):
159-162.
Cited
in:
Jeffrey H Greenhaus and Saroj Parasuraman,
"Vocational and Organizational Behavior, 1985," Journal
of Vocational Behavior 29 (October 1986): 115-76
Robert GL Pryor and Neville B Taylor, "What
Would I Do if I Couldn't Do What I Wanted to Do," Australian
Psychologist 21 (November 1986): 363-76
Tim Hesketh, Robert Pryor and Beryl Hesketh,
"An Application of a Computerized Fuzzy Graph Rating Scale
to the Psychological Measurement of Individual Differences,"
International Journal of Man-Machine Studies 29 (July 1988):
21-35
Beryl Hesketh, Robert Pryor and Melanie Gleitzman,
"Fuzzy Logic: Toward Measuring Gottfredson's Concept of Occupational
Social Space," Journal of Counseling Psychology 36
(January 1989): 103-9
Robert GL Pryor and Neville B Taylor, "Circumscription
and Compromise," Australian Psychologist 24 (March
1989): 101-13
Pryor, Hesketh and Gleitzman, "Making
Things Clearer by Making Them Fuzzy," Career Development
Quarterly 38 (December 1989): 136-47
Beryl Hesketh,
Sue Elmslie and Wendy Kaldor, "Career Compromise," Journal
of Counseling Psychology 37 (January 1990): 49-56
Mark J Miller, Elizabeth R Wadsworth and Thomas
P Springer, "Chance Receptivity as a Function of Self-Concept,"
Perceptual and Motor Skills 72 (February 1991): 291-95
Kathy A Gainor and Linda Forrest, "African-American
Women's Self-Concept," Career Development Quarterly
39 (March 1991): 261-72
Richard T Lapan and John Jingeleski, "Circumscribing
Vocational Aspirations in Junior High School," Journal
of Counseling Psychology 39 (January 1992): 81-90
Robert W Lent and Gail Hackett, "Sociocognitive
Mechanisms of Personal Agency in Career Development," in
Convergence in Career Development Theories, edited by Mark
L Savickas and Robert W Lent, 77-101, Palo Alto: CPP 1994
Nancy E Betz, "Self-Concept Theory in
Career Development and Counseling," Career Development
Quarterly 43 (September 1994): 32-42
EC Parsons, "Black High School Females'
Images of the Scientist: Express of Culture," Journal
of Research in Science Teaching 34 (1997): 745-766
CJ McCowan and RJ Alston, "Racial Identity,
African Self-Consciousness, and Career Decision Making in African
American College Women," Journal of Multicultural Counseling
and Development 26 (1998): 28-38
[August
1985. Annual meeting of the American Psychological Association.
Gottfredson reads "Vocational Exploration and Realism:
Promoting Both Simultaneously."]
[10-11
October 1985. The Fall Conference of the Personnel Testing
Council (PTC) of Southern California. The topic is "The
g Factor in Employment Testing." The speakers are:
Arthur R. Jensen, Robert L. Thorndike, John E. Hunter, Linda Gottfredson
and James Crouse (a colleague in the Department of Educational
Studies at the University of Delaware, and a collaborator with
Christopher Jencks). The moderator is John Hawk of the U.S. Employment
Service. The conference papers -- along with commentaries
by Richard Arvey, Lloyd Humphreys, Robert L. Linn and Leona E.
Tyler -- are published in the influential special December 1986
issue of the Journal of Vocational Behavior, edited by
Gottfredson.]
Wilson,
James Q, and Richard J Herrnstein. Crime and Human Nature.
New York: Simon and Schuster, 1985.
[The authors thank Gary Don Gottfredson
for comments on the manuscript.]
1986
Gottfredson,
Linda S. "Special Groups and the Beneficial Use of
Vocational Interest Inventories." In Advances in
Vocational Psychology, vol. 1, The Assessment of Interests,
edited by W. Bruce Walsh and Samuel H. Osipow, 127-198.
Hillsdale, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum, 1986.
Cited
in:
Gottfredson and Crouse, "Validity versus
Utility of Mental Tests," Journal of Vocational Behavior,
December 1986
Itamar Gati, "Description and Validation
of a Procedure for the Interpretation of an Interest Inventory
Score Profile," Journal of Counseling Psychology 34
(April 1987): 141-8
Consuelo Arbona, "Career Counseling Research
and Hispanics," Counseling Psychologist 18 (April
1990): 300-23
Gottfredson, "Dilemmas in Developing Diversity
Programs," in Diversity in the Workplace 1992
Louise F Fitzgerald and Nancy E Betz, "Career
Development in Cultural Context," in Convergence in Career
Development Theories, edited by Mark L Savickas and Robert
W Lent, 177-86, Palo Alto: CPP 1994
Jay W Rojewski, "Educational and Occupational
Aspirations of High School Seniors with Learning Disabilities,"
Exceptional Children 62 (March-April 1996): 463-76
Jay W Rojewski, "Occupational Aspirations
and Early Career Choice Patterns of Adolescents with and Without
Learning Disabilities," Learning Disability Quarterly
19 (1996): 99-116
Jennifer M Ryan, Terence JG Tracey and James
Rounds, "Generalizability of Holland's Structure of Vocational
Interests Across Ethnicity, Gender and Socioeconomic Status,"
Journal of Counseling Psychology 43 (July 1996): 330-37
Naomi M Meara, Kathleen L Davis, and Barbara
S Robinson, "The Working Lives of Women from Lower Socioeconomic
Backgrounds: Assessing Prospects, Enabling Success," Journal
of Career Assessment 5 (Spring 1997): 115-135
Deborah G Betsworth and Nadya A Fouad, "Vocational
Interests: A Look at the Past 70 Years and a Glance at the Future,"
Career Development Quarterly 46 (September 1997):
23-47
Frederick TL Leong, "Cross-Cultural Career
Psychology: Comment on Fouad, Harmon and Borgen (1997) and
Tracey, Watanabe and Schneider (1997)," Journal of Counseling
Psychology 44 (October 1997): 355-359
Michael T Brown and Kim M Voyle, "Without
Roe," Journal of Vocational Behavior 51 (October 1997):
310-318
Jay W Rojewski and BY Yang, "Longitudinal
Analysis of Select Influences on Adolescents' Occupational Aspirations,"
Journal of Vocational Behavior 51 (1997): 375-410
Gottfredson, Linda S. "Using an Occupational Aptitude
Patterns (OAP) Map to Promote Reality-Based Career Exploration."
Unpublished paper, Center for Social Organization of Schools,
Johns Hopkins University, 1986.
Cited
in:
Itamar Gati, "Making Career Decisions,"
Journal of Counseling Psychology 33 (October 1986): 408-17
Gottfredson, "Occupational Aptitude Patterns
Map," Journal of Vocational Behavior, October 1986
[26
April 1986. Journal of Vocational Behavior
receives the manuscript of Gottfredson, "Occupation Aptitude
Patterns Map."]
[29
May and 26 November 1986. The Pioneer Fund approves a $51,000
grant to researchers at Johns Hopkins University "to conduct
a symposium on crime and unemployment." This involved
Robert A. Gordon.]
[1986.
Gottfredson is appointed Associate Professor of Educational Studies
at the University of Delaware, Newark.]
[August
1986. Annual meeting of the American Psychological Association.
Gottfredson reads "IQ vs. Training: Job Performance and Black-White
Occupational Inequality." This is cited in Instauration
(November 1986), Daniel Seligman's A Question of Intelligence
(1992) and John B. Carroll's Human Cognitive Abilities
(1993). At the same meeting, Robert A. Gordon reads "IQ
Commensurability of Black-White Differences in Crime and Delinquency,"
which also is cited in Instauration and Human Cognitive
Abilities.]
[20
August 1986. Journal of Vocational Behavior receives
the manuscript of Gottfredson's introduction to the special December
1986 issue, "Forward: The g Factor in Employment."]
Gottfredson, Linda S. "Occupational Aptitude Patterns
Map: Development and Implications for a Theory of Job Aptitude
Requirements." Journal of Vocational Behavior
29 (October 1986): 254-291.
Cited
in:
Gottfredson, "Societal Consequences of
the g Factor in Employment," Journal of Vocational Behavior,
December 1986
Ann D Lassalle and Arnold R Spokane, "Patterns
of Early Labor Force Participation of American Women," Career
Development Quarterly 36 (September 1987): 55-65
Robert B Slaney and Joyce EA Russell, "Perspectives
on Vocational Behavior, 1986," Journal of Vocational Behavior
31 (October 1987): 111-73
Dale J Prediger, "Validity of the New
Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery Job Cluster Scores
in Career Planning," Career Development Quarterly
36 (December 1987): 113-25
Itamar Gati and Dov Winer, "Using Career
Grid Data to Compare Models of the Structure of Occupations,"
Career Development Quarterly 36 (December 1987): 126-39
Dale J Prediger, "Ability Differences
Across Occupations: More Than 'g'," Journal of Vocational
Behavior 34 (February 1989): 1-27
Itamar Gati, "Person-Environment
Fit Research," Journal of Vocational Behavior 35 (October
1989): 181-93
Bruce J Avolio and David A Waldman, "An
Examination of Age and Cognitive Test Performance Across Job Complexity
and Occupational Types," Journal of Applied Psychology
75 (February 1990): 43-50
Bruce J Avolio, David A Waldman and Michael
A McDaniel, "Age and Work Performance in Nonmanagerial Jobs,"
Academy of Management Journal 33 (June 1990): 407-22
Arnold R Spokane and Brenda K Hawks, "Practice
and Research in Career Counseling and Development, 1989,"
Career Development Quarterly 39 (December 1990): 98-128
Itamar Gati, "The Structure of Vocational
Interests," Psychological Bulletin 109 (March 1991):
309-24
Fred H Borgen, "Megatrends and Milestones
in Vocational Behavior," Journal of Vocational Behavior
39 (December 1991): 263-90
James T Austin, "Gary D Gottfredson's
and John L Holland's Position Classification Inventory (Form HS),"
Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development
26 (October 1993): 206-8
Laura Burris Desmarais and Paul R Sackett,
"Investigating a Cognitive Complexity Hierarchy of Jobs,"
Journal of Vocational Behavior 43 (December 1993): 279-97
Steffanie L Wilk, Laura Burris Desmarais
and Paul R Sackett, "Gravitation to Jobs Commensurate with
Ability," Journal of Applied Psychology 80 (February
1995): 79-85
Itamar Gati, "Computer-Assisted Career
Counseling," in Handbook of Career Counseling Theory and
Practice, edited by Mark L Savickas and W Bruce Lincoln, 169-90,
Palo Alto: Davies-Black 1996
Arnold R Spokane and Elizabeth J Jacob, "Career
and Vocational Assessment, 1993-94: A Biennial Review," Journal
of Career Assessment 4 (Winter 1996): 1-32
Itamar Gati and Y Garty, "Using Career-Related
Aspects to Assess Person-Environment Fit," Journal of
Counseling Psychology 43 (April 1996): 196-206
Steffanie L Wilk and PR Sackett, "Longitudinal
Analysis of Ability Job Complexity Fit and Job Change," Personnel
Psychology 49 (1996): 937-967
René V Dawis, "Vocational Psychology,
Vocational Adjustment, and the Workforce: Some Familiar and Unanticipated
Consequences," Psychology, Public Policy and Law 2
(1996): 229-248
David N Dicker, Mary Roznowski and
David A Harrison, "Temporal Tempering: An Event History Analysis
of the Process of Voluntary Turnover," Journal of Applied
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Gottfredson, "Why g Matters,"
Intelligence 24 (January-February 1997): 79-132
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Determines Job Performance: Two Sociologists Blast Two Sociological
Articles of Faith." Instauration 11 (November
1986): 9-10.
[10
November 1986. Assistant Attorney General for Civil Rights
William Bradford Reynolds writes a letter to the Director of the
US Employment Service attacking the use of "race norming"
in employment tests. His intervention was part of a sequence
of events that subsequently included the creation of a National
Academy of Sciences panel to study the practice, the growth of
a vigorous, sustained conservative assault on it, Gottfredson's
critique, and its prohibition in the Civil Rights Act of 1991.]
Gottfredson,
Linda S. "Forward: The g Factor in Employment."
Journal of Vocational Behavior 29 (December 1986):
293-296.
[Gottfredson's affiliation is listed as
Counseling and Personnel Services at the University of Maryland
in College Park.]
Cited
in:
Gottfredson, "Occupational Aptitude Patterns
Map," Journal of Vocational Behavior, October 1986
Robert B Slaney and Joyce EA Russell, "Perspectives
on Vocational Behavior, 1986," Journal of Vocational Behavior
31 (October 1987): 111-73
Arnold R Spokane, "Conceptual and Methodological
Issues in Person-Environment Fit Research," Journal of
Vocational Behavior 31 (December 1987): 217-21
Robert M Guion and WM Gibson, "Personnel
Selection and Placement," Annual Review of Psychology
39 (1988): 349-74
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Personality and Individual Differences 9 (1988): 925-28
J Philippe Rushton, "The Reality of
Racial Differences: A Rejoinder with New Evidence," Personality
and Individual Differences 9 (1988): 1035-40
Gottfredson and James C Sharf, "Fairness
in Employment Testing," Journal of Vocational Behavior,
December 1988
James C Sharf, "Litigating Personnel Measurement
Policy," Journal of Vocational Behavior 33 (December
1988): 235-71
Gottfredson, "Reconsidering Fairness,"
Journal of Vocational Behavior, December 1988
Robert A Gordon, Mary A Lewis and Ann M Quigley,
"Can We Count on Muddling Through the g Crisis in Employment?,"
Journal of Vocational Behavior 33 (December 1988): 424-51
Michael A Campion, Elliott D Pursell and Barbara
K Brown, "Structured Interviewing," Personnel Psychology
41 (Spring 1988): 25-42
Nancy E Betz, Louise F Fitzgerald and Raymond
E Hill, "Trait-Factor Theories," in Handbook of Career
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University Press 1989
Dale J Prediger, "Ability Differences
Across Occupations: More Than 'g'," Journal of Vocational
Behavior 34 (Feb 89): 1-27
J Philippe Rushton, "Race Differences
in Sexuality and Their Correlates," Journal of Research
in Personality 23 (March 1989): 35-54
Louise F Fitzgerald and James B Rounds, "Vocational
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(October 1989): 105-63
Melany E Baehr and Joseph A Orban, "The
Role of Intellectual Abilities and Personality Characteristics
in Determining Success in Higher-Level Positions," Journal
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William J. Andrews, "Eugenics Revisited,"
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355-86
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1991
Robert M Guion, "Personnel Assessment,
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Arthur R Jensen, "Spearman's g and the
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in Vocational Behavior," Journal of Vocational Behavior
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David Lubinski and René V Dawis, "Aptitudes,
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Cited
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Gottfredson, "Societal Consequences of
the g Factor in Employment," Journal of Vocational Behavior,
December 1986
Richard D Arvey, "General Ability in Employment,"
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Linda S. "Societal Consequences of the g Factor in
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Cited
in:
Gottfredson and Crouse, "Validity versus
Utility of Mental Tests," Journal of Vocational Behavior
December 1986
Richard D Arvey, "General Ability in Employment,"
Journal of Vocational Behavior 29 (December 1986): 415-20
Lloyd G Humphreys, "General Ability in
Employment," Journal of Vocational Behavior 29 (December
1986): 421-37
Robert L Linn, "Comments on the g Factor
in Employment Testing," Journal of Vocational Behavior
29 (December 1986): 438-44
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[18
June 1987. $73,000 Pioneer Fund grant to Johns Hopkins University
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Dogma Revisited," Intelligence 19 (November-December
1994): 263-80
Rushton, "Political Correctness and the
Study of Racial Differences," Journal of Social Distress
and the Homeless 5 (April 1996): 213-29
[1987. At a Society for Industrial
and Organizational Psychology workshop at the APA meeting, Gottfredson
reads "Problems of Promoting Performance in Pluralistic Society."
This is cited in James C Sharf, "Litigating Personnel Measurement
Policy," Journal of Vocational Behavior (December
1988): 235-71.]
"Errata."
Journal of Vocational Behavior 31 (August 1987):
109.
Gottfredson,
Linda S. "The Practical Significance of Black-White
Differences in Intelligence." Behavioral and Brain
Sciences 10 (September 1987): 510-512.
Cited
in:
Robert A Gordon, "Jensen's Contributions
Concerning Test Bias," in Arthur Jensen: Consensus and
Controversy, edited by Sohan Modgil and Celia Modgil, 77-154,
New York: Falmer 1987
Halford H Fairchild, "Scientific Racism:
The Cloak of Objectivity," Journal of Social Issues
47 (1991): 101-15
Stefan Kühl, The Nazi Connection: Eugenics,
American Racism and German National Socialism, New York: Oxford
University Press 1994
Michael Levin, "Race, Biology and Justice,"
Public Affairs Quarterly 8 (July 1994): 261-85
William B Stanley and Nancy W Brickhouse, "Multiculturalism,
Universalism and Science Education," Science Education
78 (July 1994): 387-98
J Philippe Rushton, Race, Evolution and
Behavior: A Life History Perspective, New Brunswick: Transaction
1995
Cathleen C Loving, "Multiculturalism,
Universalism and Science Education: Comment," Science
Education 79 (June 1995): 341-8
Lewis R Aiken, Assessment of Intellectual
Functioning, 2nd edition, New York: Plenum Press, 1996
Brody,
Nathan. "Jensen, Gottfredson, and the Black-White
Difference in Intelligence Scores." Behavioral and Brain
Sciences 10 (September 1987): 507-508.
[1-2
October 1987. Fall conference, Personnel Testing Council
of Southern California, in Newport Beach. The topic is "Fairness
in Employment Testing." The keynote address is by James
C Sharf of the US Office of Personnel management and George Washington
University. He speaks on "Litigating Personnel Measurement
Policy." Other speakers include Gottfredson, Clint
Bolick, Frank L Schmidt, William B Allen, and Richard T Seymour.
The presented papers and commentaries by Gottfredson's husband,
Robert A Gordon, and John H Bishop and others were published in
"Fairness in Testing," a special issue of the Journal
of Vocational Behavior (December 1988) edited by Gottfredson
and Scharf.]
1988
Gottfredson,
Linda S. "Do We Need Sex-Specific Occupational Prestige
Scales?" Review of Jobs and Gender: A Study of
Occupational Prestige by Christine E. Bose. In Contemporary
Psychology 33 (April 1988): 315.
[Bose was a 1973 Johns Hopkins sociology
Ph.D.]
[7
April 1988. John Eastman, a spokesman for the U.S. Commission
on Civil Rights, in a statement about Ralph Scott [q.v.], referred
to Gottfredson: "When you're looking at things like,
you know, you can take Linda Gottfredson's work, for example,
on IQ tests. You know, those are very sensitive subjects,
and there are a lot of people that think Linda Gottfredson is
a racist because she has looked at the difference in IQ test scores
and tried to figure out why those differences are there, and now
that's a, even to address that topic is very controversial.
And I think that's the basis of a lot of the controversy surrounding
Ralph Scott."]
[24
May and 29 November 1988. The Pioneer Fund approves a $74,000
grant to the University of Delaware "for the study of intelligence
and society."]
[June
1988. The first Pioneer Fund grant money reaches to the
University of Delaware.]
[13
July 1888. Gottfredson gives keynote address at Personnel
Testing Council (PTC) of Metropolitan Washington Conference on
Future Directions in Employment Testing.]
[10
August 1988. Journal of Vocational Behavior receives
Gottfredson, "Reconsidering Fairness: A Matter of Social
and Ethical Priorities."]
[October
1988. The University of Delaware's Promotion and Tenure
Committee promotes Linda Gottfredson to Associate Professor with
tenure.]
[2
November 1988. Journal of Vocational Behavior receives
Gottfredson and Sharf, "Forward: Fairness in Employment
Testing."]
Gottfredson,
Linda S., and James C. Sharf. "Forward: Fairness
in Employment Testing." Journal of Vocational Behavior
33 (December 1988): 225-230.
Cited
in:
Louise F Fitzgerald and James B Rounds, "Vocational
Behavior, 1988," Journal of Vocational Behavior 35
(October 1989): 105-23
Melany E Baehr and Joseph A Orban, "The
Role of Intellectual Abilities and Personality Characteristics
in Determining Success in Higher-Level Positions," Journal
of Vocational Behavior 35 (December 1989): 270-87
Herman Belz, Equality Transformed: A Quarter-Century
of Affirmative Action, New Brunswick: Transaction 1991
Gail Hackett, Robert W Lent and Jeffrey H Greenhaus,
"Advances in Vocational Theory and Research," Journal
of Vocational Behavior 38 (February 1991): 3-38
Fred H Borgen, "Megatrends and Milestones
in Vocational Behavior," Journal of Vocational Behavior
39 (December 1991): 263-90
David Lubinski and René V Dawis, "Aptitudes,
Skills and Proficiencies," in Handbook of Industrial and
Organizational Psychology, 2nd edition, vol. 3, edited by
Marvin D Dunnette and Leaetta M Hough, 1-59, Palo Alto: Consulting
Psychologists Press 1992
Frank L Schmidt, Deniz S Ones and John E Hunter,
"Personnel Selection," Annual Review of Psychology
43 (1992): 627-70
Raymond A Katzell and James T Austin, "From
Then to Now: The Development of Industrial-Organizational Psychology
in the United States," Journal of Applied Psychology
77 (December 1992): 803-35
Ming Singer, "The Application of Organizational
Justice Theories to Selection Fairness Research," New
Zealand Journal of Psychology 22 (June 93): 32-45
Nancy E Betz and Louise F Fitzgerald, "Individuality
and Diversity," Annual Review of Psychology 44 (1993):
343-81
MS Singer, "Mental Framing by Consequence
Thinking," Journal of Economic Psychology 15 (March
1994): 149-72
Gottfredson, "Egalitarian Fiction and
Collective Fraud," Society March-April 94
David Lubinski and Camilla Persson Benbow,
"The Study of Mathematically Precocious Youth: The First
Three Decades of a Planned 50-Year Study of Intellectual Talent,"
in Beyond Terman: Contemporary Longitudinal Studies of Giftedness
and Talent, edited by Rena F Subotnik and Karen D Arnold,
pp. 255-281, Norwood NJ: Ablex Publishing 1994
Farrell Bloch, Antidiscrimination Law and
Minority Employment: Recruitment Practices and Regulatory Constraints,
University of Chicago Press 1994
Edward M Miller, "The Relevance of Group
Membership for Personnel Selection," Journal of Social,
Political and Economic Studies 19 (Fall 1994): 323-358
Edward M Miller, "Race, Socioeconomic
Variables and Intelligence: A Review and Extension of The Bell
Curve," Mankind Quarterly 35 (Spring 1995): 267-91
Roger Pilon, "Discrimination, Affirmative
Action and Freedom," American University Law Review
45 (February 1996): 775-90
Gottfredson, "Confronting the New Particularism
in Academe," Journal of Management Inquiry 5 (1996):
319-325
LS Gottfredson, "Why g Matters,"
Intelligence, January-February 1997
David Lubinski and Lloyd G Humphreys, "Incorporating
General Intelligence Into Epidemiology and the Social Sciences,"
Intelligence 24 (January-February 1997): 159-201
G Farkas, et. al., "Cognitive
Skill, Skill Demands of Jobs, and Earnings Among Young European-American,
African-American, and Mexican-American Workers," Social
Forces 75 (1997): 913-938
Gottfredson,
Linda S. "Reconsidering Fairness: A Matter of
Social and Ethical Priorities." Journal of Vocational
Behavior 33 (December 1988): 293-319.
Cited
in:
James C Sharf, "Litigating Personnel Measurement
Policy," Journal of Vocational Behavior 33 (December
1988): 235-71
Clint Bolick, "Legal and Policy Aspects
of Testing," Journal of Vocational Behavior 33 (December
1988): 320-30
Richard T Seymour, "Why Plaintiffs Challenge
Tests, and How They Can Successfully Challenge the Theory of 'Validity
Generalization'," Journal of Vocational Behavior 33
(December 1988): 331-64
IA Ryanen, "Commentary of a Minor Bureaucrat,"
Journal of Vocational Behavior 33 (December 1988): 379-87
V Jon Bentz, "Comments on Papers Concerning
Fairness in Employment Testing," Journal of Vocational
Behavior 33 (December 1988): 388-97
Henry M Levin, "Issues of Agreement and
Contention in Employment Testing," Journal of Vocational
Behavior 33 (December 1988): 398-403
John H Bishop, "Employment Testing and
Incentives to Learn," Journal of Vocational Behavior
33 (December 1988): 404-23
Robert A Gordon, Mary A Lewis and Ann M Quigley,
"Can We Count on Muddling Through the g Crisis in Employment?,"
Journal of Vocational Behavior 33 (December 1988): 424-51
Barry L Goldstein and Patrick O Patterson,
"Turning Back the Title VII Clock," Journal of Vocational
Behavior 33 (December 1988): 452-62
Louise F Fitzgerald and James B Rounds, "Vocational
Behavior, 1988," Journal of Vocational Behavior 35
(October 1989): 105-23
Raymond L Hogler and Jeanette N Cleveland,
"Wards Cove and the Theory of Disparate Impact: From Bad
Law to Worse Policy," Labor Law Journal 41 (March
1990): 138-50
Stephan J Motowidlo, MD Dunnette and GW Carter,
"An Alternative Selection Procedure," Journal of
Applied Psychology 75 (December 1990): 640-7
Herman Belz, Equality Transformed: A Quarter-Century
of Affirmative Action, New Brunswick: Transaction 1991
Manuel London and Martin M Greller, "Demographic
Trends and Vocational Behavior," Journal of Vocational
Behavior 38 (April 1991): 125-64
Arthur R Jensen, "Spearman's g and the
Problem of Educational Equality," Oxford Review of Education
17 (1991): 169-87
David Lubinski and René V Dawis, "Aptitudes,
Skills and Proficiencies" in Handbook of Industrial and
Organizational Psychology, 2nd edition, vol. 3, edited by
Marvin D Dunnette and Leaetta M Hough, 1-59, Palo Alto: Consulting
Psychologists Press 1992
Lawrence M Rudner, "Preemployment Testing
and Employee Productivity" Public Personnel Management
21 (Summer 1992): 133-50
Arthur R Jensen, "Mental Ability: Critical
Thresholds and Social Policy," Journal of of Social, Political
and Economic Studies 17 (Summer 1992): 171-82
Janet E Helms, "Why Is There No Study
of Cultural Equivalence in Standardized Cognitive Ability Testing?,"
American Psychologist 47 (September 1992): 1083-1101
Stephan J Motowidlo, et. al., "Studies
of the Structured Behavioral Interview," Journal of Applied
Psychology 77 (October 1992): 571-87
F Allan Hanson, Testing Testing: Social
Consequences of the Examined Life, Berkeley and Los Angeles:
University of California Press 1993
Neal Schmitt, Keith Hattrup and Ronald S Landis,
"Item Bias Indices Based on Total Test Score and Job Performance
Estimates of Ability," Personnel Psychology 46 (Autumn
1993): 593-611
Stephan J Motowidlo and Nancy Tippins,
"Further Studies of the Low Fidelity Simulation in the Form
of a Situational Inventory," Journal of Occupational
and Organizational Psychology 66 (December 1993): 337-44
George F Madaus, "Testing's Place in Society,"
Review of Testing Testing by FA Hanson, in American
Journal of Education 102 (February 2994): 222-34
Paul R Sackett and Steffanie L Wilk, "Within-Group
Norming and Other Forms of Score Adjustment in Preemployment Testing,"
American Psychologist 49 (November 1994): 929-54
Gottfredson, "The Science and Politics
of Race-Norming," American Psychologist, November
1994
Edward M Miller, "The Relevance of Group
Membership for Personnel Selection," Journal of Social,
Political and Economic Studies 19 (Fall 1994): 323-58
Kevin R Murphy, "Potential Effects of
Banding as a Function of Test Reliability," Personnel
Psychology 47 (Autumn 94): 477-95
Kevin R Murphy, K Osten and B Myors, "Modeling
the Effects of Banding in Personnel Selection," Personnel
Psychology 48 (Spring 1995): 61-84
Lino Graglia, "Hopwood v. Texas: Racial
Preferences in Higher Education Upheld and Endorsed," Journal
of Legal Education 45 (March 1995): 79-93
Edward M Miller, "Race, Socioeconomic
Variables and Intelligence: A Review and Extension of The Bell
Curve," Mankind Quarterly 35 (Spring 95): 267-91
Dinesh D'Sousa, The End of Racism, New
York: Free Press 1995
Roger E Millsap, "Measurement Invariance,
Predictive Invariance and the Duality Paradox," Multivariate
Behavioral Research 30 (1995): 577-605
Bob Zelnick, Backfire: A Reporter's Look
at Affirmative Action, Washington: Regnery 1996
Raymond Wolters, Right Turn: William Bradford
Reynolds, the Reagan Administration and Black Civil Rights,
New Brunswick: Transaction 1996
Dalmas A Taylor, "A Reconceptualization
of Qualified: The Ultimate Dilemma," Basic and Applied
Social Psychology 18 (March 1996): 15-30
Roger E Millsap, "An Investigation of
Spearman's Hypothesis and the Failure to Understand Factor Analysis,"
Cahiers de Psychologie Cognitive 16 (1997): 750-757
Keith
Hattrup, Joanna Rock and Christine Scalia, "The Effects of
Varying Conceptualizations of Job Performance on Adverse Impact,
Minority Hiring, and Predicted Performance," Journal of
Applied Psychology 82 (October 1997): 656-664
Roger E Millsap,
"Invariance in Measurement and Prediction: Their Relationship
in the Single Factor Case," Psychological Methods
2 (1997): 248-260
CC Hoffman and GC Thorton, "Examining
Selection Utility Where Competing Predictors Differ in Adverse
Impact," Personnel Psychology 50 (1997): 455-470
[Fall 1988. College of Education Colloquium at the University
of Delaware on the subject, "Ability Differences in a Democracy."
Gottfredson reads "Ability Differences in a Democracy: Challenge
to Education." Arthur Jensen reads a version of "Understanding
'g' in Terms of Information." See Seymour Itzkoff,
The Road to Equality (Westport: Praeger 1992), p. 166,
and Angela Browne-Miller (UC Berkeley), Intelligence Policy:
Its Impact on College Admissions and Other Social Policies
(NY: Plenum 1995), p 225n13. A book to be edited by Gottfredson
and published by Erlbaum, with the title Ability Differences:
A Challenge to American Education, was planned but never appeared.]
Blits,
Jan H., and Linda S. Gottfredson, "Race-Norming: Equality
at Last or Lasting Equality?" Unpublished manuscript, 1988.
[Jan Blits was an associate professor of educational
studies and political science at the University of Delaware. His
Ph.D. was from the New School for Social Research (1975).
His dissertation was entitled All the Sway of Earth: The Politics
of Shakespeare's 'Julius Caesar'. He had published The
End of the Ancient Republic: Essays on Julius Caesar (Durham:
Carolina Academic Press 1982) and The American University:
Problems, Prospects and Trends (Buffalo: Prometheus 1985).
From 1985 to 1988 he was a member of the Delaware Advisory
Committee to the US Commission on Civil Rights. During 1990
he held an appointment as Secretary of the Navy Distinguished
Fellow in the English Department at the US Naval Academy.]
Cited
in:
Gottfredson, "Reconsidering Fairness," Journal of
Vocational Behavior, December 1988
1989
[22
May 89. The National Academy of Sciences panel releases
a report on race norming, Fairness in Employment Testing: Validity
Generalization, Minority Issues, and the General Aptitude Test
Battery.]
"Research
Council Endorses Skewing of Aptitude Scores." Wall Street
Journal (May 24, 1989),
Holden,
Constance. "Academy Panel Joins the Fray Over Job
Testing." Science 244 (June 2, 1989): 1036-1037.
[6
June 1989. The Pioneer Fund approves $100,000 grant to the
Department of Educational Studies at the University of Delaware
"for distribution of scientific publications and the holding
of a conference on ability differences and educational policy."]
Rudert,
Eileen E. "Background Paper for Consultation on the
Validity of Testing in Education and Employment." Prepared
for hearing held by U.S. Commission on Civil Rights, 16 June 1989.
[Relies on the issues of Journal of Vocational
Behavior edited by Gottfredson. Rudert was a collaborator
with and former student of Robert A Gordon at Johns Hopkins.]
Hartigan,
John, and Alexandra Wigdor. "Fairness in Employment
Testing." Letter. Science 245 (July
7, 1989): 14.
[This is followed by a response by Constance
Holden.]
Humphreys,
Lloyd. "Fairness in Employment Testing."
Letter. Science 245 (July 7, 1989): 14.
Blits,
Jan H. "Hobbesian Fear." Political
Theory 17 (August 1989): 417-31.
Blits,
Jan H. "Self-Knowledge and the Modern Mode of Learning."
Educational Theory 39 (Fall 1989): 293-99.
[31
October 1989. Memorandum from William Frawley, a linguistics
professor at the University of Delaware, to EA Trabant, the University's
president. He argues that the university shouldn't
accept money from the Pioneer Fund. This begins a long controversy,
during which Gottfredson is advised by the Center for Individual
Rights (also a Pioneer Fund grantee).]
[November
1989. The University of Delaware's Promotion and Tenure
Committee denies Gottfredson promotion to full professor, citing
"flawed" and "unscholarly" research.]
"Dirty
Money." The Review (November 10, 1989), 6.
[12
November 1989. Roger Pearson letter to Harry F Weyher.]
[14
November 1989. Gottfredson memorandum to EA Trabant, the
President of the University of Delaware.]
Anderson,
Jack, and Dale Van Atta. "Pioneer Fund's Controversial
Projects." Washington Post (November 16, 1989),
C22.
McCormick,
Andy. "UD Probe Grant Under Bias Charged."
The Wilmington News Journal (November 17, 1989),
[22
November 1989. Gottfredson memo to Ron Whittington, Assistant
to the President of the University of Delaware.]
Gottfredson,
Linda S. "Fund Misrepresented." Letter.
The Review (Newark, Delaware), December 15, 1989, pp.
6-7.
Gordon,
Robert A., Seymour W. Itzkoff, and Nancy L. Segal. "Fund
Not Anti-Semitic." Letter. The Review (Newark,
Delaware), December 15, 1989, p. 7.
"Group's
Grants Assailed at U of Del." Philadelphia Inquirer
(December 21, 1989), 1B.
1990
Grassmuck,
Karen. "Grants From a Fund Accused of Racism Roil
U. of Delaware." Chronicle of Higher Education
(January 17, 1990): A31-A32.
McCormick,
Andy. "UD is Urged to Return Funds Used for Racial
Research." Wilmington News Journal (February
6, 1990)
"Pioneer
Fund: University Has the Strength to Survive Bad Idea."
Wilmington News Journal (February 8, 1990)
Blits,
Jan H., and Linda S. Gottfredson. "Employment Testing
and Job Performance." The Public Interest,
no. 98 (Winter 1990): 18-25.
[This is one of three articles on the theme "Social
Science and Black/White." The others are Richard J Herrnstein's
"Still an American Dilemma" and Byron M Roth's "Social
Psychology's 'Racism'."]
Cited
in:
Mark Kelman, "Concepts of Discrimination
in 'General Ability' Job Testing," Harvard Law Review
104 (April 1991): 1158-1246
Richard A Epstein, Forbidden Grounds: The
Case Against Employment Discrimination Laws, Cambridge: Harvard
1992
Frank L Schmidt, Deniz S Ones and John E Hunter,
"Personnel Selection," Annual Review of Psychology
43 (1992): 627-70
Reginald C Govan, "Framing the Issues
and Acquiring Codes: An Overview of the Legislative Sojourn of
the Civil Rights Act of 1991," DePaul Law Review 41
(Summer 1992): 1057-1083
Robert Belton, "The Civil Rights Act of
1991 and the Future of Affirmative Action: A Preliminary Assessment,"
DePaul Law Review 41 (Summer 1992): 1085-1116
Stefan Kühl, The Nazi Connection: Eugenics,
American Racism and German National Socialism, New York: Oxford
University Press 1994
Byron M Roth, Prescription for Failure:
Race Relations in the Age of Social Science, New Brunswick:
Transaction 1994
John Edwards, "Group Rights v. Individual
Rights: The Case of Race-Conscious Policies," Journal
of Social Policy 23 (January 1994): 55-70
Paul Craig Roberts and Lawrence M Stratton, The
New Color Line: How Quotas and Privilege Destroy Democracy,
Washington: Regnery 1995
John Edwards, When Race Counts: The Morality
of Racial Preference in Britain and America, London: Routledge
1995
Raymond Wolters,
Right Turn: William Bradford Reynolds, the Reagan Administration
and Black Civil Rights, New Brunswick: Transaction 1996
Blits,
Jan H., and Linda S. Gottfredson. "Equality or Lasting
Inequality?" Society 27 (March-April 1990):
4-11.
[This is the first part of a five-article
section on race norming. The other articles are:
Wigdor and Hartigan, "The Case for Fairness"
Mary L Tenopyr, "Fairness in Employment Testing"
Mark Kelman, "The Problem of False Negatives"
O Peter Sherwood, "Court Innocence" (pp. 24-25)]
Cited
in:
Mark Kelman, "Concepts of Discrimination
in 'General Ability' Job Testing," Harvard Law Review
104 (April 91): 1158-1246
Gottfredson, "Dilemmas in Developing Diversity
Programs," in Diversity in the Workplace 1992
Frank L Schmidt, Deniz S Ones and John E Hunter,
"Personnel Selection," Annual Review of Psychology
43 (1992): 627-70
Emily Prescott, "The General Aptitude
Test Battery and the Debate Over Race Norming, Racial Preferences
and Affirmative Action," Hastings Constitutional Law Quarter;y
20 (Summer 1993): 877-903
Gottfredson, "Egalitarian Fiction and
Collective Fraud," Society March-April 1994
David C Paris, "Schools, Scapegoats
and Skills: Educational Reform and the Economy," Policy
Studies Journal 22 (Spring 1994): 10-24
Craig Haney and Aida Hurtado, "The Jurisprudence
of Race and Meritocracy: Standardized Testing and Race-Neutral
Racism in the Workplace," Law and Human Behavior 18
(June 1994): 223-48
Paul Craig Roberts and Lawrence M Stratton,
The New Color Line: How Quotas and Privilege Destroy Democracy,
Washington: Regnery 1995
John Edwards, When Race Counts: The Morality
of Racial Preference in Britain and America,London: Routledge
1995
Erich C Saphir, "Equality of Opportunity
or Reverse Discrimination?," International Issues
39 (April 1996)
Benson,
Philip G. Review of Fairness in Employment Testing
(Special Issue of Journal of Vocational Behavior), edited
by Linda S Gottfredson and James C Scharf. In Personnel
Psychology 43 (Spring 1990): 138-142.
Kelsey,
Tim, and Trevor Rowe. "Academics 'Were Funded By Racist
American Trust'." Independent on Sunday (March
4, 1990), 4.
[The University of Delaware "is investigating
Pioneer Fund grants for allegedly racist research undertaken by
a contributor to the magazine [Mankind Quarterly], Linda
Gottfredson, an associate professor of educational studies.
The National Association for the Advancement of White People magazine,
edited by a former Ku Klux Klan leader, David Duke, reported:
'Her voluminous research shows that negroes have a superior education
[sic] ... often rack up job-performance records as poor as their
poorly-educated and poorly-trained counterparts'."
Gottfredson did not in fact contribute to Mankind Quarterly.]
Weyher,
Harry F. Memorandum to University of Delaware officials.
March 16, 1990.
Weyher,
Harry F. "Amending the Record on the Pioneer Fund."
Chronicle of Higher Education (March 21, 1990).
[30
March 1990. Letter from Robert A Gordon to University of
Delaware administrators, cited in Stefan Kühl, The Nazi Connection:
Eugenics, American Racism and German National Socialism (New
York: Oxford University Press, 1994) p. 113n34, and in Roger Pearson,
Race, Intelligence and Bias in Academe (Washington, DC:
Scott-Townsend, 1991), pp. 13-14. Gordon writes:
"... it has been difficult for Federal granting agencies,
which depend on Congress for their budget allocations, to provide
for research in this hotly contested area for some time.
Accordingly private sources play a disproportionately large role,
and are essential for maintaining the debate that is so essential
to healthy science...having largely succeeded in interdicting
Federal support, activists have been after one of the last sources
of support that courageously operates at all in this intellectually
taboo arena ..."]
Corr,
Eva. "Pioneer Fund Dirty." Letter.
The Review (Newark, Delaware), April 6, 1990.
[27
April 1990. Thomas B Edsall (Washington Post) interviews
Gottfredson. See his Chain Reaction (1991).]
[30
April 1990. The University of Delaware announces it will
no longer accept Pioneer Fund money.]
Nardone,
Mark. "UD Rejects Future Pioneer Funds."
The Review (Newark, Delaware), May 1, 1990, pp. 1, 8.
[c.
May 1990. "Within days of being denied promotion and
losing her grant money last year, Linda Gottfredson split with
her husband of ten years, a professor at Johns Hopkins University."
See Washington Times, July 2, 1991.]
Holland,
Robert G. In Richmond Times-Dispatch (May 30, 1990):
[A critique of race norming, of which Holland
quickly becomes the leading journalistic critic. Seligman
(1992) writes (at page 199): "In the spring of 1990,
an anonymous government official mailed off the racial conversion
tables to Robert Holland, associate editor of the Richmond
Times-Dispatch, and he hastened to publish examples of how
they worked."]
"Untruth
in Testing." Editorial. Richmond Times-Dispatch
(June 1, 1990). A10.
Holland,
Robert. "Racially Rigged Job Test Scores."
Washington Times (June 7, 1990): F1, F4.
[Reprinted from the Richmond Times-Dispatch.]
[2
July 1990. Letter from Andrew B. Kirkpatrick, Jr. (chairman of
the University of Delaware Board of Trustees) to Harry F
Weyher (Pioneer Fund). He says that the University
wants to "enhance the racial and cultural diversity of faculty,
staff, and students" and that it is "hampered"
in pursuing this goal by the acceptance of Pioneer Fund grants.
The letter is cited in Daniel Seligman, A Question of Intelligence
(1992), p. 193.]
Eysenck,
Hans J., Linda Gottfredson, Richard Lynn, Roger Pearson, J. Philippe
Rushton, and Harry F. Weyher. "Scientists and Fund
Reply to Article." Letter. London Independent
on Sunday (July 8, 1990): 16.
[10
July 1990. US Secretary of Labor Elizabeth Dole begins action
to suspend use of the General Aptitude Test Battery (GATB).]
[24
July 1990. The US Department of Labor publishes official
notice in the Federal Register of intent to suspend its
race-normed GATB within 90 days for a two year retooling.]
Williams,
Walter E. "Official Racism Is Still Racism."
New York City Paper (July 24, 1990),
Gottfredson,
Linda. "Hiring Quotas Exist, But Employers Won't Tell."
Letter. New York Times (August 1, 1990),
Cited
in:
Jared Taylor, Paved with Good Intentions,
New York: Carroll and Graf 1992
Emily Prescott, "The General Aptitude
Test Battery and the Debate Over Race Norming, Racial Preferences
and Affirmative Action," Hastings Constitutional Law Quarterly
20 (Summer 1993): 877-903
"End of the Road Near for Job Aptitude Test."
Omaha Sunday World-Herald (August 5, 1990)
Holland, Robert G. "Civil Wrongs: Big Brother's
Test Scores." National Review 42 (September
3, 1990): 35-36.
[Cites Gottfredson on race norming.]
Blits,
Jan. "Equality of Opportunity and the Problem of Nature."
Educational Theory 40 (Summer 1990): 309-319.
Blits,
Jan, and Linda S. Gottfredson. "Race-Norming and Testing:
Equality or Lasting Inequality?" Current,
no. 325 (September 1990): 5-11.
[Reprinted from Society, March-April
1990.]
Gottfredson,
Linda S. "Fairness or Bias in Job Testing."
Letter. Issues in Science and Technology 7 (Fall
1990): 27-28.
Cited
in:
Alexandra K Wigdor, "Fairness or Bias
in Job Testing: Reply," Issues in Science and Technology
7 (Fall 1990): 28
Gottfredson, Linda S. "When Job-Testing 'Fairness'
Is Nothing But a Quota." Wall Street Journal
(December 6, 1990), A18.
Cited
in:
Gottfredson, "The Science and Politics
of Race-Norming," American Psychologist, 1994
Dinesh D'Sousa, The End of Racism, New
York: Free Press 1995
Paul S Greenlaw and Sanne S Jensen, "Race-Norming
and the Civil Rights Act of 1991," Public Personnel Management
25 (Spring 1996): 13-24
Erich C Saphir, "Equality of Opportunity
or Reverse Discrimination?," International Issues
39 (April 1996)
Williams,
Dick. "Helms's 'Race-Baiting' Ad May Have a Point
After All." Atlanta Journal (December 15,
1990), A23.
[Williams refers to Gottfredson's Wall Street
Journal article, concluding that her arguments may justify
Sen. Jesse Helms' notorious anti-affirmative action campaign ads.]
Kemp,
Evan J., Jr. "'Race-Norming' Is Against Our Policy."
Letter. Wall Street Journal (December 20, 1990), A17.
[Kemp disputes the claims made in Gottfredson's
op-ed article.]
1991
Gottfredson,
Linda S. "The Evaluation of Alternative Measures of
Job Performance." In Performance Assessment for
the Workplace, vol. 2, Technical Issues, edited
by Alexandra K. Wigdor and Bert F. Green, Jr., 75-126. Washington,
DC: National Academy Press, 1991.
[This is the final report of the National
Research Council's Committee on the Performance of Military Personnel.]
Cited
in:
Richard K. Wagner, "Intelligence, Training,
and Employment," American Psychologist 52 (October
1997): 1059-1069
Holland,
Robert G. "Testscam." Reason (January
1991): 48.
[8
March 1991. Robert G Holland files a Freedom of Information
Act request to examine the public comments on proposed change
in the GATB.]
Short,
Thomas. "Big Brother in Delaware." National
Review 43 (March 18, 1991): 32.
Cited
in:
Paul Craig Roberts and Lawrence M Stratton,
The New Color Line: How Quotas and Privilege Destroy Democracy,
Washington: Regnery 1995
[19
March 1991. House Judiciary Committee markup of H.R. 1 (the
Civil Rights Act of 1991). Rep. Henry Hyde introduces an
amendment banning race-norming. This was the first
time the issue, which had been developing for several years, was
addressed in statutory language. Gottfredson had emerged
by this time as its most prominent critic.
See the legislative history by Reginald C.
Govan, Counsel to House Education and Labor Committee, in "Framing
the Issues and Acquiring Codes: An Overview of the Legislative
Sojourn of the Civil Rights Act of 1991," DePaul Law Review
41 (Summer 1992) at page 1077: "The one new issue that Congress
confronted in 1991 was ... race norming. It was a politically
charged, divisive issue that could have killed the proposed bill
... Many proponents of the 1990 bill and of House Bill 1 concluded
that within-group norming was racial or ethnic or gender queuing
and one of the clearest examples imaginable of quotas."
At the time Hyde introduced the amendment, "the issue had
not been explored at hearings on the bill." The amendment
was rejected in a straight party-line vote. "Consequently,
Republicans thought that the Democrats were prepared to go to
the floor of the House and defend within-group norming.
Opponents of the bill would have a field day. Instead, immediately
following that vote, Democrats decided just the opposite - that
they were going to make within-group norming illegal ... As a
result, within-group norming did not become the political destructive
issue that it could have become." Govan said 'immediately,'
but the issued roiled through the rest of the spring.]
[20-23
March 1991. "A poll by Market Opinion Research, a
GOP polling firm, ... found that by a 77 to 16 percent margin
voters disapproved of race-norming, even when told supporters
justify the system as necessary to compensate for biased tests
..." Peter A Brown, "Normin' Stormin,'" New
Republic (29 April 1991).]
Henry,
William A., III. "Upside Down in the Groves of Academe."
Time 137 (April 1, 1991): 66-69.
["The University of Delaware barred
Linda Gottfredson from accepting money for her educational research
because it had financed unrelated studies into possible hereditary
differences in intelligence among the races. The review committee
judged that by underwriting such studies, Pioneer had exhibited
'a pattern of activities incompatible with the university's mission'."
Cited in William H. Tucker, The Science and Politics of Racial
Research (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1994),
p. 347n62.]
"Race-Norming."
Editorial. Wall Street Journal (April 8,
1991), A18.
Brown,
Peter A. "Normin' Stormin'." New Republic
(April 29, 1991): 12-14.
Koch,
Ed. "Rights Bill Gets It All Wrong." New
York Post (April 12, 1991), 2.
Seligman,
Daniel. "Is America Smart Enough?" National
Review 43 (April 15, 1991): 24-31.
[At page 29: "There is massive
evidence ... that ... most occupations are filled within identifiable
IQ ranges, and indicating that in most occupations, the best predictor
of performance is .. intelligence ... For generating some of these
studies and pointing me to others, I am indebted to Robert A.
Gordon ... and Linda S. Gottfredson ..., who together run the
Project for the Study of Intelligence and Society. The studies
relating particular occupations to specific IQ ranges were developed
principally by Professor Gottfredson... "]
[c.
19 April 1991. U.S. Employment Service director Robert
A Schaerfl denies Robert Holland's March 8th Freedom of Information
Act request.]
Noah,
Timothy. "Job Tests Scored on Racial Curve Stir Controversy."
Wall Street Journal (April 26, 1991), B1.
Carney,
Dan. "GOP Sees Votes in New Issue." Houston
Post (April 27, 1991), A1.
Kornhauser,
Anne. "The Right Versus the Correct: Free-Market Firm
Sees Campuses as Fertile Battleground." Legal Times
13 (August 29, 1991): 1, 14-15.
[At page 14, Kornhauser states that the
Center for Individual Rights is "trying to restore foundation
funding for the research of a University of Delaware professor
on the differences in ability between racial groups."]
[8
May 1991. Abraham Foxman of the Anti-Defamation League writes
President Bush urging him to denounce the Department of Labor's
promotion of race-norming.]
"Civil
Rights Bill Pending: Hyde Fails to Ban 'Race Norming'."
Human Events 51 (May 11, 1991): 6.
Taylor,
Stuart. "Rigging Test Scores by Race." Legal
Times (May 13, 1991): 17.
Holmes,
Steven A. "Adjusting of Test Scores Inflames Rights
Debate." New York Times (May 17, 1991), A12.
Kenworthy,
Tom, and Gary Lee. "Civil Rights Compromise Is Readied."
Washington Post (May 17, 1991), A1, A17.
[House Democratic leaders agreed to the
outlines of a compromise civil rights bill. "It will
... restrict 'race-norming' in employment testing, a procedure
under which applicants are judged only against those of their
own racial group."]
Evans,
Rowland, and Robert Novak. "Brooks to the Rescue."
Washington Post (May 17, 1991), A25.
[The compromise civil rights bill "will
involve the suddenly heated issue of 'race-norming' - an old and
insidious practice of segregating test scores by racial group
in order to both facilitate and conceal quotas. Opponents
of HR1 believe it will breed epidemic race-norming. Race-norming
now has been taken on by the Anti-Defamation League (ADL) ...
on [May 8th] Foxman ... wrote Bush, urging him to denounce longtime
Labor Department promotion of the practice. In effect, the
ADL was running to get to the right of the administration on this
aspect of the quota issue. But if HR1 encourages quotas
... it surely encourages race-norming. The compromise desperately
sought by Democratic leaders would have to eliminate both quotas
and race-norming in order to buy peace ..."]
Biskupic,
Joan. "Son of 'Quotas'." Congressional
Quarterly Weekly Report 49 (May 18, 1991): 1287.
Duke,
Lynne. "Racial Politics Envelop Job-Test Scores."
Washington Post (May 18, 1991), A1, A11.
Kilborn,
Peter T. "'Race Norming' Test Becomes a Fiery Issue."
New York Times (May 19, 1991), 5.
[21
May 1991. Rep. Henry Hyde letter to members of the House
on the subject of race norming. House Democrats propose
a new compromise civil rights bill which includes a ban on race-norming.]
Frisby,
Michael K. "House Vote on Bias Bill Faces Delay."
Boston Globe (May 21, 1991), 3.
LaFraniere,
Sharon, and Tom Kenworthy. "Democrats Outline Revised
Rights Bill." Washington Post (May 22, 1991),
A5.
[The new House bill would "prohibit
employers from using separate scoring systems in testing white
and minority applicants and workers."]
"Unfairly
Adjusting an Unfair Test." Editorial. Washington
Post (May 22, 1991), A20.
Bronner,
Ethan. "Civil Rights Bill May Forbid Tests Bias Favoring
Minorities." Boston Globe (May 22, 1991)
Will,
George F. "Liberalism's Apartheid of 'Compassion'."
Washington Post (May 23, 1991), A23.
Curley.
Tom. "UD Prof Draws Fire From Minorities: Opposition
to 'Race-Norming' Has Gottfredson Tangled in Controversy."
The News Journal (Wilmington), (May 26, 1991),
Fried,
Charles. "Quotas: The Smoking-Gun."
Washington Post (May 29, 1991), A18.
Bolick,
Clint. "'Race Norming' - Discriminatory Hiring."
Letter. Washington Post (May 30, 1991), A18.
"Race-Norming:
Necessary, for Now." Editorial. New York
Times (May 30, 1991),
[30
May 1991. Date on Blits-Gottfredson letter to the New
York Times.]
King,
Colbert I. "Buying Into White Supremacy."
Washington Post (May 31, 1991), A19.
Hacker,
Holly. "Adjusted Federal Employment Tests Stir Controversy."
Los Angeles Times (May 31, 1991),
Committee
on Faculty Welfare and Privileges. "In the Matter of:
Dr. Jan Blits vs Dr. Ralph Ferretti et al." University
Faculty Senate, University of Delaware. May 31, 1991.
Committee
on Faculty Welfare and Privileges. "In the Matter of:
Dr. Linda Gottfredson vs Dr. Ralph Ferretti et al."
University Faculty Senate, University of Delaware. May 31, 1991.
"Major
Differences on Civil Rights." New York Times (June
3, 1991), A14.
Barrett,
Laurence. "Cheating on Test." Time
(June 3, 1991): 47.
[5
June 1991. The House passes the civil rights bill.
It includes a provision banning race-norming.]
Clymer,
Adam. "Rights Bill Passes in House But Vote Is Not
Veto-Proof." New York Times (June 6, 1991),
A1, B10.
["The bill would prohibit 'race-norming,'
the practice of adjusting employment test scores by race so that,
for example, some blacks with fewer correct answers score higher
than some whites with more correct answers. House Republicans
said the language of this provision was inadequate and also complained
that a ban on biased tests that went with it was poorly drawn."]
Blits,
Jan H., and Linda S. Gottfredson. "Test Profits Blacks."
Letter. New York Times (June 11, 1991), A22.
"Delaware
U. Goes PC." Editorial. Washington Times (June
14, 1991), F2.
[June
1991. University of Delaware acting provost Richard B Murray
rejects the faculty committee's finding that Gottfredson and Blits'
rights were violated.]
[18
June 1991. After two appeals, Robert A Schaerfl, the Director
of the US Employment Service, reverses his April rejection of
Robert G Holland's Freedom of Information Act request for copies
of public comments on the Department of Labor's proposed suspension
of the GATB. Copies were finally delivered to Holland in
October 1991.]
"Delaware
Strikes Again." Editorial. Washington Times
(June 24, 1991), D2.
Colp,
Judith. "Stormin' the Norm." Washington
Times (July 3, 1991), E1-E2.
Committee
on Faculty Welfare and Privileges. "In the Matter of
Dr. Linda Gottfredson vs Dr. Frank Scarpitti and Others."
University Faculty Senate, University of Delaware. July 12, 1991.
Colp,
Judith. "Two Scholars Settle a Score." Insight
7 (July 22, 1991): 34-36.
Holland,
Robert. "Race Norming by Any Other Name." National
Review (July 29, 1991): 36
Blits,
Jan H. "The Silenced Partner: Linda Gottfredson
and the University of Delaware." Academic Questions
4 (Summer 1991): 41-47.
Cited
in:
Paul Craig Roberts and Lawrence M Stratton,
The New Color Line: How Quotas and Privilege Destroy Democracy,
Washington DC: Regnery 1995
Neil Hamilton, Zealotry and Academic Freedom:
A Legal and Historical Perspective, New Brunswick: Transaction
1995
[5
August 1991. Arbitrator's report (S. Strongin, Arb.), "In
the matter of the arbitration between the University of Delaware
Chapter of the American Association of University Professors and
the University of Delaware," American Arbitration Association,
Case No. 14 390 1935 90 A. The outside arbitrator rules
that the University must rescind its ban on Pioneer Fund money.]
"Free
the Delaware Two." Editorial. Washington Times
(August 23, 1991), F2.
Curley,
Tom. "University Panel Suspends Activities: 'Public
Game Playing' in Pioneer Fund Dispute Cited." Wilmington
News Journal (August 24, 1991), A1, A4.
[27
August 1991. The Pioneer Fund approves an $8,000 grant to
University of Delaware (Gottfredson) "for the study of the
politicization of science in general and particularly the study
of race."]
Nicklin,
Julie L. "Arbitrator Tells U. of Delaware to Allow
Grant Requests to 'Racist' Fund." Chronicle of
Higher Education 38 (September 4, 1991), A41, A44.
Gross,
Barry R. "Times Strikes a Blow for Real Academic Freedom."
Letter. Washington Times (September 5, 1991), G2.
[6
September 1991. The University of Delaware's newspaper,
The Review, publishes a chronology of the Gottfredson controversy.]
[23
September 1991. The Pioneer Fund grants $80,000 to the University
of Delaware (Gottfredson) for "research and dissemination
activities of the Project for the Study of Intelligence and Society,
covering 21 months from September 1, 1991 to May 31, 1993."]
"First
Amendment Focus of 'Congress'." UpDate 11
(October 17, 1991): 6.
["On Friday, Oct. 25, the First Amendment
Congress of Delaware will meet at Wilmington College to focus
on the most heated issues surrounding the First Amendment ...
A panel dealing with academic freedom and 'political correctness'
will be moderated by Linda Gottfredson, professor, and Jan Blits,
associate professor, both in educational studies, and Larry Nees,
a professor of art history."]
[24
October 1991. Floor debate in the US Senate on the Civil
Rights Act of 1991. Sen. Danforth discusses the ban on race-norming.
See Robert Belton, "The Unfinished Agenda of the Civil Rights
Act of 1991," Rutgers Law Review 45 (Summer 1993)
at page 940.]
Belsie,
Laurent. "Bush and Senate Settle Differences on Civil
Rights." Christian Science Monitor (October
28, 1991),
Gordon,
Robert A. "University Violated Academic Principles
in Pioneer Fund Ban." Letter. The Review
(October 29, 1991), 6.
[30
October 1991. Sen. Danforth introduces an interpretive memorandum
on the Civil Rights Act of 1991: "...section 106 is
applicable only to those tests that are 'employment-related' and
has no applicability in disparate impact cases that challenge
whether, in the first instance, a test is employment related."
Robert Belton, "The Unfinished Agenda of the Civil Rights
Act of 1991," Rutgers Law Review 45 (Summer 1993)
at page 940, citing Congressional Record 137 (October 30,
1991): S15484.]
Blits,
Jan. "The Depersonalized Self: Rousseau's Emile."
Educational Theory 41 (Fall 1991): 397-406.
Akerman,
Robert. "Look at Civil Rights Bill in Broader Perspective."
Atlanta Journal (November 4, 1991), A8.
[21
November 1991. President Bush signs the Civil Rights Act
of 1991.]
LaFraniere,
Sharon. "Labor Department to Revamp Aptitude Test:
Revisions Considered as Officials End 'Race-Norming' of Scores."
Washington Post (December 14, 1991), A13.
Holmes,
Steven A. "State Job Agencies May Not Give Edge to
Minority Testees." New York Times (December
14, 1991),
[18
December 1991. Notice in the Federal Register that
the Department of Labor has stopped race-norming in compliance
with Section 106 of the Civil Rights Act of 1991.]
Edsall,
Thomas Byrne, with Mary D. Edsall. Chain Reaction:
The Impact of Race, Rights, and Taxes on American Politics.
New York: W.W. Norton, 1991.
[At page 252: "In the years
since Griggs, a substantial assault has been mounted ... challenging
the legitimacy of the primacy granted to the goal of racial equity
... The hiring practices developed under Griggs, this argument
goes, ignores 'the whole issue of individual rights and individual
fairness ... there is no provision for constitutional rights,
the civil rights of whites' - an argument formulated in this instance
by Linda S. Gottfredson of the University of Delaware, a frequently
published critic of affirmative action, of race-norming, and of
other practices evolving out of court and regulatory rulings."
Edsall cites his 27 April 90 interview with Gottfredson and notes
that she "has written in Public Interest, Society, and in
numerous journals on the subject of ability testing."]
Pearson,
Roger. Race, Intelligence and Bias in Academe.
Washington: Scott-Townsend, 1991.
1992
Gottfredson,
Linda S. "Dilemmas in Developing Diversity Programs."
In Diversity in the Workplace: Human Resources Initiatives,
edited by Susan E. Jackson and associates, 279-305. New
York: Guilford Press, 1992.
Cited
in:
Raymond A Katzell, "Contemporary Meta-Trends
in Industrial-Organizational Psychology," in Handbook
of Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 2nd edition,
vol. 4, edited by Harry C Triandis, Marvin D Dunnette and Leaetta
M Hough, 1-89, Palo Alto: Consulting Psychologists Press 1994
Gottfredson, "Egalitarian Fiction and
Collective Fraud," Society, March-April 1994
Gottfredson, Review of The Dictatorship
of Virtue by Richard Bernstein, in Personnel Psychology,
Autumn 1995
Bruce Barry and Thomas S Bateman, "A Social
Trap Analysis of the Management of Diversity," Academy
of Management Review 21 (July 1996): 757-90
J Teicher and K Spearitt, "From Equal
Employment Opportunity to Diversity Management: The Australian
Experience," International Journal of Manpower 17
(1996): 109
Frederick R Lynch, The Diversity Machine:
The Drive to Change the "White Male Workplace",
New York: Free Press 1997
Gottfredson,
Linda. "Finding (Economic) Strength Through Diversity:
A Workplace Adaptation to Welcome Women." In Women's
Work: Choice, Chance or Socialization?: Insights
from Psychologists and Other Researchers, edited by Nancy
Smith and Sylvia K Leduc. Calgary: Detselig Enterprises
Ltd, 1992.
Holland,
Robert G. "Dirty Secrets: Race-Norming Lives
On." Chronicles 16 (February 1992):
44-46.
"Academic
Freedom, Delaware-Style (cont'd.)." Editorial.
Washington Times (February 4, 1992), F2.
Langiulli,
Nino. "Dispatches from the War Zone." Measure
(March 1992):
"Adjusted
Scoring Now Illegal: To Test or Not To Test Is Now the Question."
HR Manager's Legal Reporter (March 1992):
Gottfredson,
Linda S. "It's Time to Face the Truth on Differences
in IQ." Letter. Insight 8 (March 2,
1992): 4.
"'Dialogues'
Forum March 12." UpDate 11 (March 5, 1992):
7.
["'Race Differences in Intelligence
Testing: What Do The Mean?' will be the focus of the first program
in the University's 'Delaware Dialogue' series.
"The free public forum is scheduled for
7 p.m., Thursday, March 12, in 115 Purnell Hall.
"'Delaware Dialogues' is designed to give
the campus community a close look at the ideas surrounding controversial
and contemporary issues in America.
"Presenting opposing viewpoints at the
March 12 program will be Robert A. Gordon, professor of sociology
at Johns Hopkins University, and Howard Taylor, professor of sociology
at Princeton University.
"They will discuss the meaning of racial
differences that appear in intelligence testing and how these
differences are interpreted and used.
"Responding to their discussion will be
three members of the Delaware faculty: James Davis, assistant
professor of educational studies; Leslie Goldstein, professor
of political science and international relations; and Raymond
Wolters, professor of history.
"Gordon, who received hid Ph.D. from the
University of Chicago, has lectured and published widely on such
subjects as the sociology of intelligence, deviant behavior, opiate
addiction, and the causes of crime and delinquency. His
research has been funded by the National Institute of Mental Health
and the Pioneer Fund, Inc."]
Taylor,
Jeff A. "On 'Race-Norming'." Letter.
Chronicles 16 (April 1992): 6.
[30
April 1992. Gottfredson and Blits announce that they have
reached an out-of-court settlement with the University of Delaware.]
Curley,
Tom. "UD Settles with 2 Race Research Professors."
Wilmington News Journal (April 30, 1992),
Innerst,
Carol. "Two on Delaware Education Faculty Win Settlement
in PC Case." Washington Times (May 1, 1992),
A3.
Holden,
Constance. "Settlement at U. of Delaware."
Science 256 (May 15, 1992): 962.
Kaufman,
Ron. "U. Delaware Reaches Accord on Race Studies."
The Scientist 6 (July 1992): 1, 6.
Gottfredson,
Linda, and Jan H. Blits. "Legislated Lawlessness on
Civil Rights." Delaware Lawyer 10 (Summer
1992): 20-23.
Cited
in:
Gottfredson, "The Science and Politics
of Race-Norming," American Psychologist, November
1994
Govan,
Reginald C. "Framing the Issues and Acquiring Codes:
An Overview of the Legislative Sojourn of the Civil Rights Act
of 1991." DePaul Law Review 41 (Summer 1992):
1057-1083.
Anderson,
Craig B. "Political Correctness on College Campuses:
Freedom of Speech v. Doing the Politically Correct Thing."
SMU Law Review 46 (Summer 1992): 171-224.
[Discusses the Gottfredson case at pp.
221-223.]
[11-12
August 1992. Annual meeting of the American Psychological
Association, in Toronto. Gottfredson presents "Changes
and Challenges in Gottfredson's Revised Theory of Circumscription
and Compromise" and "Critical Considerations in Cross-Domain
Research on Abilities, Interests, and Personality."]
Gorman,
R.A. "Report of Committee A, 1991-1992."
Academe (September-October 1992): 43-50.
Povich,
Elaine S. "Lipinski Targets Old Job-Test Practice."
Chicago Tribune (September 30, 1992), 2C, 4.
Crawford,
James. Hold Your Tongue: Bilingualism and the
Politics of "English Only". Reading,
Massachusetts: Addison-Wesley, 1992.
[At pages 267-68, note 5: "A
year later [in 1989 John] Tanton came to the defense of another
Pioneer Fund grantee, Linda Gottfredson of the University of Delaware.
One of Gottfredson's colleagues, William Frawley, has protested
a $174,000 Pioneer grant to support her research on educational
'ability differences' among racial and ethnic groups. Frawley
asked, 'Does the University of Delaware wish to lend its name
- wittingly or unwittingly - to an organization that unabashedly
promotes intolerance?' In a letter supporting Gottfredson,
Tanton replied: 'If the new standard being promulgated
is that funds can be received only from sources that pass some
social litmus test, then this is a stringent requirement indeed.
No organization could receive funds from the Ford Foundation unless
it approved of Henry Ford's anti-Semitism, or of Ford's use of
harry Bennett and his goons to break union heads at the Battle
of the Overpass, [or of] Mr. Ford's continuing to run his factories
in Nazi Germany up until the time that the U.S. declared war on
the country.' Unconvinced, University of Delaware president
E.A. Trabant decided to accept no additional grants from the Pioneer
Fund as long as it 'remained committed to ... a pattern of activities
incompatible with the university's mission'."]
Seligman,
Daniel. A Question of Intelligence: The IQ Debate
in America. New York: Birch Lane, 1992.
"Senate
Addresses Speech Code, Faculty Honors." UpDate
12 (December 10, 1992): 2.
["In other actions, the [University
faculty] Senate established new criteria and procedures for granting
student and faculty honors ...
"The new procedures and criteria for the
Committee on Student and Faculty Honors provide 'a document to
fall back on' when selecting recipients of teaching and advising
awards, according to David Smith, chairperson of the Senate's
Committee on Committees and Nominations. Revised procedures
for the annual Francis Alison award will be presented to the Senate
in February, he said.
"Sen. Stanley Sandler questioned the value
of teaching awards that simply go to those faculty with 'excellent
stage presence' and 'don't address the impact of the person nationwide
in their field.' Linda Gottfredson said her writing committee
attempted to go beyond simple popularity by making the first criteria
for nomination 'highly knowledgeable and intellectually rigorous'
in their chosen field. Other criteria include a deep commitment
to teaching and students, skilled interaction with students and
a positive and lasting impact."]
1993
Holland,
Robert G. "Cultural Revolutions." Chronicles
17 (January 1993): 6-7.
[More on race-norming.]
Dawes,
Robyn M. and Lloyd G. Humphreys. "Racial Norming:
A Debate." Academe 79 (May-June 1993):
31-37.
Innerst,
Carol. "Education Bill Raises GOP Fears of 'Race Norming'."
Washington Times (May 8, 1993), A5.
Gottfredson,
Linda S. "Clinton's New Form of Race-Norming."
Wall Street Journal (June 3, 1993), A14.
"The
Return of Norming." Fortune (June 14, 1993):
Gottfredson,
Linda S. "Truth in the Balance? A Comment on
Estes." Letter. Psychological Science 4 (July
1993): 271.
Gottfredson,
Linda S., Robert J, Sternberg, and Richard K. Wagner. "At
Issue: Is IQ the Best Predictor of Job Performance?"
CQ Researcher 3 (July 30, 1993), 665.
Lefever,
Ernest W. "America Is Being Ripped Apart."
Los Angeles Times (August 1, 1993), M5.
[Refers to race norming.]
Prescott,
Emily. "The General Aptitude Test Battery and the Debate
Over Race Norming, Racial Preferences, and Affirmative Action."
Hastings Constitutional Law Quarterly 20 (Summer 1993):
877-903.
Gray,
C. Boyden, and Evan J. Kemp, Jr. "A Look at...The Meritocracy."
Washington Post (September 19, 1993),
[23
September 1993. The Pioneer Fund approves $60,000 grant
to the University of Delaware "for research and dissemination
activities of the Project for the Study of Intelligence and Society,
covering 21 months from September 1, 1991 to May 31, 1993 [sic]."
This brings the total amount granted since 1988 to $342,000.
(Joyce Mercer, Chronicle of Higher Education (December
7, 1994) reported that Gottfredson had received $335,000 since
1988, "and hasn't sought support from any other foundations
since then.")]
Carlson,
Tucker. "Washington's Inept Police Force."
Wall Street Journal (November 3, 1993), A23.
[Cited by Gottfredson. Carlson also published
an article on this subject in the Heritage Foundation's Policy
Review.]
Gordon,
Robert A. "The Battle to Establish a Sociology of Intelligence:
A Case Study in the Sociology of Politicized Disciplines."
Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University, Department of Sociology,
1993.
Cited
in:
Gottfredson, "Egalitarian Fiction and
Collective Fraud," Society, March-April 1994
Goldberg,
David Theo. Racist Culture: Philosophy and the
Politics of Meaning. Oxford: Blackwell, 1993.
[At pp. 254n54, 271n51, Goldberg includes
Gottfredson in a list of academics who have perpetuated long-discredited
racist views. "...Levin, Linda Gottfredson, and her
collaborator Robert Gordon have been arguing over the last decade
that black people are one standard deviation less intelligent
than whites. The evidence they continue to rely upon is
traceable to the long-discredited intelligence testing by Audrey
Shuey in the 1960s ... Gottfredson received a grant from the Pioneer
Foundation [sic], long committed to perpetuating white supremacy,
which she used not for research but to send materials, in the
name of both the foundation and her university, to medical school
registrars to discourage them from pursuing preferential admissions
policies."]
1994
[1994.
Gottfredson is elected a fellow of the Society for Industrial
and Organizational Psychology.]
Kühl,
Stefan. The Nazi Connection: Eugenics, American
Racism, and German National Socialism. New York:
Oxford University Press, 1994.
Gottfredson,
Linda S. "Egalitarian Fiction and Collective Fraud."
Society 31 (March-April 1994): 53-59.
[This appears as part of an issue on fraud
in social science that also included papers by Joynson (on Burt)
and Rushton. These were reprinted in Fraud and Fallible
Judgment (Transaction 1995).]
Cited
in:
J Philippe Rushton, "The Equalitarian
Dogma Revisited," Intelligence 19 (November-December
1994): 263-80
Mark A Graber, "Old Wine in New Bottles:
The Constitutional Status of Unconstitutional Speech," Vanderbilt
Law Review 48 (March 1995): 348-89
Gottfredson, Review of The Dictatorship
of Virtue by Richard Bernstein, in Personnel Psychology,
Autumn 1995
Michael Peters, Review of Race, Evolution
and Behavior by J Philippe Rushton, in Aggressive Behavior
21 (1995): 463-68
Andrew S Winston, "The Context of Correctness:
A Comment on Rushton," Journal of Social Distress and
the Homeless 5 (April 1996): 231-50
Lee Ellis, "A Discipline in Peril: Sociology's
Future Hinges on Curing Its Biophobia," American Sociologist
27 (Summer 1996): 21-41
Gottfredson, "Confronting the New Particularism
in Academe," Journal of Management Inquiry 5 (1996):
319-25
Gottfredson, "Forward to 'Intelligence
and Social Policy'," Intelligence 24 (January-February
1997): 1-12
David C Rowe, "A Place at the Policy Table?:
Behavior Genetics and Estimates of Family Environmental Effects
on IQ," Intelligence 24 (January-February 1997): 133-158
JH Kranzler, "Educational and
Policy Issues Related to the Use and Interpretation of Intelligence
Tests in the Schools," School Psychology Review 26
(1997): 150-162
Bukowski,
Jeffrey. "Delaware Professors, Administrators Battle
Over Political Correctness." Delaware State News
(March 8, 1994):
[Cited in Whitaker, White Male Applicant,
1997.]
[14
March 1994. Letter from Jan Blits to Edward Barry, the President
of Oxford University Press, criticizing him for publishing Stefan
Kühl's The Nazi Connection. "While I am not
in a position to judge the accuracy of everything in the book,
I know very well some of the matters that Stefan Kuhl discusses.
In fact, I investigated some of his charges myself (they were
then Barry Mehler's charges) after questions were raised here
at Delaware about the Pioneer Fund's support for a faculty member's
research. Those charges have not only been addressed;
they have been thoroughly refuted. They are simply untrue, as
the University of Delaware found out when it tried (unsuccessfully)
to ban Pioneer funding on the basis of them. Just ask President
David Roselle about his mortifying day on the witness stand at
a national arbitration hearing brought by the American Association
of University Professors.
Kuhl, however, not only ignores the refutations,
but suppresses even the fact that the charges have ever been addressed.
Instead, he relies on distortion, innuendo, sheer falsehood, and
silence. On the one hand, for example, he sweeps together
as 'Nazi race hygienists' a group of people that would include
Theodore Roosevelt, Margaret Sanger, HerbertCroly, George Bernard
Shaw, Beatrice and Sidney Webb, Harold Laski, and Gregor Mendel
as well as Adolf Hitler: 'When I speak of 'Nazi racial hygienists,'
I mean the German rcail hygienists who supported Nazi race policies,
participated in their implementation, or provided Nazi race ideology
with scientific legitimation' (p. 108). On the other hand,
he utterly ignores contrary evidence. Doing his best to
associate the founders of the Pioneer Fund with people who 'supported
Hitler's race policy' (p. 6), he completely ignores John
Marshall Harlan, who served on the Fund's Board of Directors during
its first seventeen years (1937-54) and who sided with every civil
rights plaintiff while a U.S. Supreme Court Justice (1955-71).
"Oxford should be ashamed of itself, not
for publishing a controversial book, but for publishing an irresponsible
and unprofessional book. The book is pure political smear
and deeply tarnishes the reputation of a publishing house that
once stood for the highest intellectual standards."]
[16
March 1994. Washington Post, p. A15, carries a full-page
ad opposing the Clinton health plan. It was signed by 565
economists and 76 others and paid for by the conservative Independent
Institute of Oakland, CA. LS Gottfredson and Jan Blits were
among the 76 non-economist signatories. Cf. "Dear Mr.
President ...," in Wall Street Journal (January 14,
1994), p. A10.]
Muñoz
Sastre, Maria Teresa. "La theorie de Gottfredson:
Expose critique." Orientation scolaire et professionelle
23 (June 1994): 233-251.
[30-31
July 1994. New Nassau county police exam is administered.]
Nelson,
M., and P.H.B. Shin. "Testers' Bad Mark."
Newsday (August 1, 1994), A5, A22.
Herrnstein,
Richard J., and Charles Murray. The Bell Curve:
Intelligence and Class Structure in American Life.
New York: Free Press, 1994.
[Published October 19th.]
Miller,
Adam. "Professors of Hate." Rolling
Stone, no. 693 (October 20, 1994): 106-114.
[At page 114: Robert A. "Gordon's
former wife, University of Delaware educational studies professor
Linda Gottfredson, was for many years the only woman receiving
Pioneer funding. Gottfredson, whose work has been embraced
by the white supremacist National Alliance and the David Duke-edited
National Association for the Advancement of White People magazine,
argues that low black representation in high-status schools and
jobs is due to blacks' inferior intelligence, which she says undermines
the justification for quotas." A table lists the total
amount she received from the Pioneer Fund through 1992 as $267,000.]
[21
and 28 October 1994. Ben Wattenberg's Think Tank
TV show discusses The Bell Curve. Gottfredson is a panelist.]
Sedgwick,
John. "The Mentality Bunker." GQ:
Gentlemens Quarterly 64 (November 1994): 228-235.
Gottfredson,
Linda. "From the Ashes of Affirmative Action."
The World and I 9 (November 1994): 365-77.
Cited
in:
Gottfredson, Review of The Dictatorship
of Virtue by Richard Bernstein, in Personnel Psychology,
Autumn 1995
Gottfredson, "Confronting the New Particularism
in Academe," Journal of Management Inquiry 5 (1996):
319-25
Gottfredson,
Linda. "The Science and Politics of Race Norming."
American Psychologist (November 1994): 955-63.
Cited
in:
Dianne C Brown, "Subgroup Norming: Legitimate
Testing Practice or Reverse Discrimination?," American
Psychologist 49 (November 1994): 927-8
Kevin L Moreland, et. al., "Assessment
of Test User Qualifications," American Psychologist
50 (January 1995): 14-23
Kevin R Murphy, Kevin Osten and Brett Myors,
"Modeling the Effects of Banding in Personnel Selection,"
Personnel Psychologist 48 (Spring 1995): 61-84
Dinesh D'Sousa, The End of Racism: Principles
for a Multiracial Society, New York: Free Press 1995
Samuel Messick, "Validity of Psychological
Assessment," American Psychologist 50 (September 1995):
741-9
Wayne F Cascio, et. al., "Selective Science
or Selective Interpretation?," American Psychologist
50 (October 1995): 881-2
M Helms-Lorenz and FJ Van Devij, "Cognitive
Assessment in a Multicultural Society," European Journal
of Psychological Assessment 11(1995): 158-69
NM Robinson, in Gifted Child 39 (1995):
180
Nathaniel J Pallone and James J Hennessy,
Tinder-Box Criminal Aggression: Neuropsychology, Demography,
Phenomenology New Brunswick: Transaction 1996
Raymond Wolters, Right Turn: William Bradford
Reynolds, the Reagan Administration and Black Civil Rights,
New Brunswick: Transaction 1996
Murray J Dyck, "Cognitive Assessment in
a Multicultural Society: Comment," Australian Psychologist
31 (1996): 66-69
G Davidson, "Fairness in a Multicultural
Society: Reply," Australian Psychologist 31 (1996):
70-72
Robert A Gordon, "Everyday Life as an
Intelligence Test: Effects of Intelligence and Intelligence Context,"
Intelligence 24 (January-February 1997): 203-320
BN Phillips, "On the Interface Between
Science and Practice in School Psychology," School Psychology
International 18 (1997): 217-228
ML Tenopyr, "The Complex Interaction Between
Measurement and National Employment Policy," Psychology,
Public Policy and Law 2 (1997): 348-362
Roger E Millsap, "Invariance in Measurement
and Prediction: Their Relationship in the Single-Factor Test,"
Psychological Methods 2 (1997): 248-260
W Terris, "The Traditional Regression Model
for Measuring Test Bias Is Incorrect and Biased Against Minorities,"
Journal of Business and Psychology 12 (1997): 25-37
Walter C Borman, Mary Ann Hanson and Jerry
W Hedge, "Personnel Selection," Annual Review of
Psychology 48 (1997): 299-337
Jan te Nijenhuis and Henk van der Flier, "Comparability
of GATB Scores for Immigrants and Majority Group Members: Some
Dutch Findings," Journal of Applied Psychology 82
(October 1997): 675-687
Gottfredson,
Linda S. "Scientific Hoax: Reply."
Letter. Society 32 (November-December 1994): 5-6.
[21
November 1994. Gottfredson fax-letter to Bill Blakemore,
Albert Oetgen, and Diane Mendez of ABC News criticizing ABC's
forthcoming report on The Bell Curve and the Pioneer Fund
and defending the Pioneer Fund's president, Harry Weyher.
Her former husband, Robert A. Gordon cites the letter in his "How
Smart We Are About What We Broadcast: An Open Letter to
ABC News" (June 17, 1997): "Indeed, in light of
this analysis of your overedited broadcast, Linda Gottfredson's
question, after seeing your correspondence concerning Mr. Weyher's
unwillingness to grant an interview on camera to ABC News, becomes
especially prescient: 'The issue is not 'Why won't he?'
but rather 'Why would he?'' (fax-letter from L.S. Gottfredson
to Messrs. Blakemore at Oetgen, and Ms. Mendez, November 21, 1994)."
In the same or another fax-letter dated November
21th, Stephen E. Jenkins, a lawyer with the Wilmington DE firm
of Ashby and Geddes, who was acting as pro-bono counsel to Gottfredson,
stated (also as quoted in Gordon's June 17, 1997 letter):
"Your letter of November 15th requests Mr. Weyher to respond
in two days to 15 categories of questions, each with numerous
subparts, raising allegations about events over the past 80 years,
in the ostensible (but one would suspect, almost certainly disingenuous)
belief that Mr. Weyher would have the answers to these questions
at his fingertips ... Standing alone, your November 18th [15th?]
letter could merely indicate a propensity for incivility and posturing
that is regrettable but not actionable. Your November 18th
letter, however, would seem to constitute proof that not only
do you believe that your profession gives you license to behave
poorly, but it gives you the right to treat truth with casual
disdain as well. In response to your letter of November
15th, Mr. Weyher reasonably requested that you provide him with
your documentation so that he could attempt to reply coherently
to your charges. I say that was a reasonable request because
proving a negative--which is what you repeatedly ask him to do--is,
as you know, impossible. All one can do is show that the
proof of the affirmative case is wrong ... Your ultimate purpose,
as with several other such recent pieces, would seem to be to
discredit The Bell Curve by smearing researchers on which it relies."
Gordon's letter is available on the Pioneer Fund's website
at www.pioneerfund.org/ABCletter.html
.]
[22
November 1994. ABC World News Tonight broadcasts an eight-minute
report on The Bell Curve and the Pioneer Fund.]
[28
November 1994. Gottfredson letter to other intelligence
researchers: "I recently spoke with David Brooks, editorial
features editor of the Wall Street Journal, to find out what he
might consider a constructive contribution to the current debate
over The Bell Curve. He suggested a statement from experts describing
what is, in fact, 'mainstream' in the field of intelligence."
She later recounted that she had approached Brooks "to see
if he would be interested in my writing an essay on the rising
crescendo of misinformation on intelligence. He was not.
He said he would, however, consider a short statement signed by
10 to 15 experts on what knowledge they do, in fact, consider
to be mainstream in the study of intelligence. Timeliness
required that any statement be submitted within 2 weeks."
LS Gottfredson, "Mainstream Science on Intelligence,"
Intelligence 24 (January-February 1997): 13-23]
Lane, Charles. "The Tainted Sources of 'The Bell Curve'."
New York Review of Books 41 (December 1, 1994): 14-19.
[At page 15: "Other scholars who
have received substantial amounts of money from Pioneer include...Linda
Gottfredson of the University of Delaware, cited [in The Bell
Curve] on the disproportionate representation of lower-IQ
blacks in the professions..."]
Mercer,
Joye. "A Fascination with Genetics: Pioneer Fund
is at Center of Debate Over Research on Race and Development."
Chronicle of Higher Education (December 7, 1994): A28-A29.
["For scholars like Linda Gottfredson,
a professor of educational studies at the University of Delaware
who examines I.Q. and employment testing, the Pioneer Fund has
been a godsend. 'When I would apply to federal agencies
to get funding to study the role of intelligence in the work place,
I was simply dismissed,' says Ms. Gottfredson, who has received
$335,000 from the Pioneer Fund since 1988 and hasn't sought support
from other foundations since then. 'Any proposal that investigates
politically incorrect questions with regard to race and gender
tends to be blackballed in the peer-review process. For some of
us, the Pioneer Fund has been the only option.' ...
'What annoys me is that questions are asked about the Pioneer
Fund that are not asked about other organizations, questions about
a political agenda, about its history,' says Jan H. Blits, a professor
of educational studies at the University of Delaware who has worked
with Ms. Gottfredson."]
[13
December 1994. An open letter on race differences in intelligence,
signed by 52 social scientists, appears under the title "Mainstream
Science on Intelligence" in the Wall Street Journal.
Gottfredson initiated and drafted it and was a signatory. See
Kohn, The Race Gallery, pp. 113-4. It subsequently
was reprinted in the Society of Industrial and Organizational
Psychology's newsletter, The Industrial-Organizational Psychologist
32 (April 1995): 67-72, and in a special issue of Intelligence
(January-February 1997) edited by Gottfredson.]
[15
December 1994. Ken Silverstein and Alexander Cockburn, in
Counterpunch, discuss the December 13th open letter.]
Blits,
Jan H. "Caesar's Ambiguous End." In
Julius Caesar. New York: Chelsea House, 1994.
Roth,
Byron. Prescription for Failure: Race Relations
in the Age of Social Science. New Brunswick:
Transaction, 1994.
[There is a comment by Gottfredson on the
dust-jacket: "Roth strips away the social science
orthodoxy on race to take an unflinching look at the underclass
pathologies it has created." There's also a blurb from
Robert A Gordon. Roth cites them both. Gottfredson
reviews the book in Personnel Psychology (March 1997).]
1995
Hentoff,
Nat. "Against the Odds: A Historic Free Speech Victory."
Village Voice (May 2, 1995), 20.
[Cited in Robert M O'Neil, Free Speech
in the College Community, Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana
University Press 1997.]
[June
1995. Gottfredson is elected to National Council of the
Federation of American Scientists. See FAS Public Interest
Report 40 (September-October 1995).]
D'Sousa,
Dinesh. The End of Racism: Principles for a Multiracial
Society. New York: Free Press, 1995.
[Discusses Gottfredson in several places.
The epigraph in Chapter 11 ("The Content of Our Chromosomes:
Race and the IQ Debate") is from "Sociologist Linda
Gottfredson": "Nothing frightens the liberal mind more
than the prospect of inherited differences in intelligence between
the races."]
HRStrategies.
"Nassau County, New York: Design, Validation and Implementation
of the 1994 Police Officer Entrance Examination." Project
Technical Report. Detroit: HRStrategies, July 1995.
[Technical report of the Nassau County Test Construction
and Validation Project. Says the innovative 1994 Nassau county
exam will "improve on 'typical selection procedures'."
(HRStrategies is now a division of Aon Consulting, Inc.)]
[11
August 1995. At the 103rd annual convention of the American
Psychological Association in New York, Gottfredson presents a
paper on "The Nature of Vocational Interests: A Discussion."
This is cited in Nadya A Fouad and Philip L Smith, "A Test
of a Social Cognitive Model for Middle School Students,"
Journal of Counseling Psychology 43 (July 1996): 338-46.]
Kohn,
Marek. The Race Gallery: The Return of Racial Science.
London: Jonathan Cape, 1995.
[Published September 15th. Discusses Gottfredson
at pages 96, 98, 112, and 113.]
[20
September 1995. At a National Skill Standards Board public
forum on occupational clustering in Washington DC, Gottfredson
presents a paper on "Occupational Clusters for Implementing
Goals 2000."]
[22
September 1995. U.S. v. Nassau County. CV 77 1881, US District
Court, Eastern District of New York.]
Gottfredson,
Linda S. Review of The Dictatorship of Virtue by
Richard Bernstein. In Personnel Psychology 48 (Autumn
1995): 667-71.
Rosenthal,
Steven J. "The Pioneer Fund: Financer of Fascist
Research." American Behavioral Scientist 39
(September-October 1995): 44-61.
[Rosenthal taught sociology at Hampton University.
This issue of ABS is devoted to "The Bell Curve: Laying
Bare the Resurgence of Scientific Racism" and is edited by
Robert G Newby, a professor of sociology at Central Michigan University.
(Newby is a 1974 Stanford Ph.D.)]
"Authoritarian
Administrators: Censorship of Faculty on Campus."
Democratic Culture (Fall 1995):
Cascio,
Wayne F, Sheldon Zedeck, Irving L Goldstein and James Outtz.
"Selective Science or Selective Interpretation?"
American Psychologist 50 (October 1995): 881-882.
[Response to Gottfredson (November 1994).
Zedeck, Goldstein and Outtz are also involved in the Nassau County
Test Construction and Validation Project. Zedeck is associate
editor of Human Performance.]
[16
October 1995. Gottfredson presents a lecture on "Implications
of Issues in The Bell Curve for Human Resource Management"
at the College of Business at Indiana University in Bloomington.]
[22
October 1995. At the Federation of American Scientists'
Fiftieth Anniversary Retreat at Airlie House, Virginia, Gottfredson
speaks on "Issues of Human Intelligence and Society."]
Jackson,
Thomas. "The End of Racism?" Review of The
End of Racism by Dinesh D'Sousa. In American Renaissance
6 (November 1995):
["[D'Sousa] starts with a definition,
asserting that 'racism is an ideology of intellectual or moral
superiority based upon the biological characteristics of race.'
Unfortunately, this means that Arthur Jensen and Linda Gottfredson
are racists but Eldridge Cleaver and Colin Ferguson are not."
Available at http://www.amren.com/dsouza.htm
.]
Topping,
R. "Will 'The Test' Pass the Test?" Newsday
(November 17, 1995), A5, A28.
[On Nassau county police exam.]
"Who
Are the Academic Proponents of the Theory of Inferior IQs of Black
People?" Journal of Blacks in Higher Education,
no. 10 (Winter 1995-96): 18-19.
Price,
Susan. "The Bell Curve as Assigned Reading on College
Campuses." Journal of Blacks in Higher Education,
no. 10 (Winter 1995-96): 101-05.
["The Bell Curve ... has thrown an
umbrella over the heads of academic conservatives and protected
them on politically correct campuses, says University of Delaware
sociologist Linda Gottfredson, who drafted a December 1994 statement
defending the book's science as mainstream, which was published
in The Wall Street Journal, says she has received numerous invitations
to attend forums and write journal articles on the book's influence.
While psychologists ... and sociologists have grappled with cognitive
ability research for years, Gottfredson says the controversy ignited
interest in the field outside those disciplines. 'Public policy
and business school faculties are among those taking a new look
at intelligence research. People are now more willing to associate
with the discussion. The book will serve as cover. You, yourself,
are not bringing up a forbidden topic. It is a public issue,'
she says."]
Gottfredson,
Linda S. "The Egalitarian Fiction." In Fraud
and Fallible Judgment: Varieties of Deception in the Social and
Behavioral Sciences, edited by Nathaniel J. Pallone and James
J. Hennessy, 95-106. New Brunswick: Transaction, 1995.
[Reprinted from Society 1994.]
Cited
in:
Pallone and Hennessy, Tinder-Box Criminal
Aggression New Brunswick: Transaction 1996
Hamilton,
Neil. Zealotry and Academic Freedom: A Legal and
Historical Perspective. New Brunswick: Transaction,
1995.
[Discusses the Gottfredson case.]
Wilson,
Robert K. The Myth of Political Correctness. Durham:
Duke University Press, 1995.
[Discusses the Gottfredson case at page
53.]
[4
December 1995. A press release from Cornell University announces
a new interdisciplinary course for Spring 1996: "Psycho-Economic
Perspectives on Human Intelligence and Achievement: Did
The Bell Curve Get It Right?," to be taught by Stephen Ceci
and Elizabeth Peters. The course was linked to a parallel
speakers series, which included a lecture by Gottfredson.
(The other speakers included Robert Sternberg, Eric Hanuschek,
James R Flynn, Marvin Harris and Larry Hedges.)]
1996
[1996.
The Pioneer Fund approves a grant of $99,251 to Gottfredson, distributed
through the University of Delaware. It also approves a grant
of $5,000 to the Atlantic Legal Foundation, which soon thereafter
initiates a legal challenge to the Nassau County police test.]
Gottfredson,
Linda. "What Do We Know About Intelligence?"
American Scholar 65 (Winter 1996): 15-30.
Cited
in:
Gottfredson, Review of Race, Evolution,
and Behavior by J Philippe Rushton, in Politics and the
Life Sciences, March 1996
Gottfredson, "Mainstream Science on Intelligence,"
Intelligence 24 (January-February 1997): 13-23
Gottfredson, "Why g Matters," Intelligence
24 (January-February 1997): 79-132
Richard A Posner, "Equality, Wealth, and
Political Stability," Journal of Law, Economics, and Organization
13 (1997): 344-365
Julian C Stanley, "Varieties of Intellectual
Talent," Journal of Creative Behavior 31 (1997): 93-119
Blits,
Jan H. The Insufficiency of Virtue: Macbeth and
the Natural Order. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield,
1996.
[Feb
1996. Letter from Joshua Rose (attorney for NAACP) to Katrina
Wright (New Jersey Deputy Attorney General). The NAACP
threatens to sue the New Jersey State Police for discrimination.
Rose suggests that litigation may be avoided if the Nassau
county test is adopted. The letter is cited in Gottfredson, "Racially
Gerrymandering the Content of Police Tests to Satisfy U.S. Justice
Department." The New Jersey State Police decline the
proposal and a lawsuit is filed on June 24th.]
Tracy,
Jeffrey. "Affirmative Action Will Be the Focus of
Omaha Forum." The Creightonian 75 (February
23, 1996):
["The National Conference of Christians
and Jews (NCCJ) and the Creighton University Journalism Department
will co-sponsor an Affirmative Action Forum, to be held ... March
8 ... The forum will open with speeches from Dr. Linda Gottfredson
from the University of Delaware, and Cathy Retzlaff from the Office
of Federal Contract Compliance Programs (OFCCP) in Omaha."
See http://press.creighton.edu/o2-23-96/default.html
.]
[25
February 1996. At the Midwinter Conference of the Society
of Psychologists in Management, in San Diego, Gottfredson speaks
on "Multiculturalism in the Workplace."]
Gottfredson,
Linda S. Review of Race, Evolution, and Behavior
by J Philippe Rushton. In Politics and the Life Sciences
15 (March 1996): 141-43.
Cited
in:
Malcolm James Ree, Review of Race, Evolution
and Behavior, in Personnel Psychology 49 (Spring 1996):
250-253 (cited in press)
[25
March 1996. Gottfredson speaks on "The Meaning of
Intelligence in Everyday Life" at Cornell University (4pm,
Bronfenbrenner Life Course Center, David L Call Auditorium, Kennedy
Hall).]
Rechtman,
Mel. "What Do We Know About Intelligence?"
Letter. American Scholar 65 (Spring 1996):
320.
[A criticism of Gottfredson's article in
the previous issue.]
Gottfredson,
Linda S. Response. American Scholar 65 (Spring
1996): 320.
Gottfredson,
Linda S. "The New Challenge to Academic Freedom."
Journal of Social Distress and the Homeless 5 (April
1996): 205-212.
[This appeared in a section on political
correctness that also contained articles by J Philippe Rushton
and Andrew S Winston.]
[8
April 1996. Annual meeting of the National Council on Measurement
in Education, in New York. Gottfredson was a member of
a panel, "The Bell Curve Debate Continues;" her
affiliation was listed as Harvard. The moderator was Carole
Bleistein (ETS) and the other panelists were Cecil Reynolds (Texas
AandM), Nancy Cole (ETS), and Ernest House (University of Colorado).]
[Spring
1996. Aon Consulting, Inc., issues a widely-circulated invitation
to police departments to join a test validation consortium, the
purpose of which "is to produce yet additional refinements
to the Nassau County-specific test, and to reduce even further
the level of adverse impact among minority candidates ... Ongoing
review of the project by Department of Justice experts will provide
a device that satisfies federal law." Cited in Gottfredson,
"Racially Gerrymandering the Content of Police Tests to Satisfy
the U.S. Justice Department."]
[April
1996. David Jones of Aon Consulting, Inc., speaks at annual meeting
of Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology.]
"Senate
Delays Reapportionment, Tours New Center." UpDate
15 (April 4, 1996): 7.
[A University of Delaware publication.
The story is on the April meeting of the University Faculty Senate.
"A change made in the Faculty Handbook regarding the University's
policy against sexual harassment, prompted some discussion during
the meeting ... Sen. Linda Gottfredson suggested that the policy
statement needed more detailed procedures on how a complaint is
handled ... "]
[June
1996. Gottfredson becomes involved in dispute over the Nassau
county police exam. See her "Racially Gerrymandering the
Content of Police Tests to Satisfy U.S. Justice Department":
"With Justice's promoting the Nassau exam, members
of the professional test development community became increasingly
concerned about its interference in test development. To
confirm their concerns, some of them called upon selected academics
in June 1996 to evaluate the long technical report describing
Nassau County's new test. I was one of the academics called.
We all read the report independently of one another, without prior
knowledge of who the project consultants were, without prior information
about the report's contents or origins, and without compensation
offered, expected, or received. (I have never had any financial
interest in any testing enterprise.) After reading the report,
I obtained court records and interviewed a variety of people in
Nassau County and test developers nationwide. In the following
months three researchers wrote critiques of the new test (Gottfredson,
1996a, b, c; Russell, 1996; Schmidt, 1996a, b)." Those evaluations
were all highly critical ... "]
[6
June 1996. Hayden, et. al. v. Nassau county,
in New York Supreme Court, Trial I.A.S. Part 13 (Justice Goldstein),
Index number 14699/96. Affirmation in opposition by William
H Pauley III, special counsel to the Nassau county police department.]
[24
June 1996. NAACP v. New Jersey filed.]
[1
July 1996. Hayden, et. al. v. Nassau county,
in New York Supreme Court, Trial I.A.S. Part 13 (Justice Goldstein),
Index number 14699/96. Motion.]
Schmidt,
Frank. "Some Comments on the Nassau County Police Validity
Study." Unpublished paper, July 2, 1996.
[Available at www.impaac.org/nassau.
]
Russell,
Craig J. "The Nassau County Police Case: Impressions."
Unpublished paper, July 12, 1996.
[Available on the IPMAAC web page at www.ipmaac.org/nassau/russell.html
. Russell holds the JC Penney Chair of Business Leadership
at the University of Oklahoma.]
[25
July 1996. Letter from John Gadzichowski of the Civil Rights
Division of the US Justice Department to Frank Erwin, the president
of Richardson, Bellows, and Henry. He dismisses criticism
of the low reading minimum in the 1994 Nassau county police exam
as "unfounded." Cited in Gottfredson, "Racially
Gerrymandering the Content of Police Tests to Satisfy the U.S.
Justice Department," Feb 6, 1997.]
[August
1996. Annual meeting of the American Psychological Association,
in Toronto. Gottfredson is a discussant on a panel on "Contemporary
Issues in Scientific Psychology: Inter-Domain Relationships
and Applications."]
[14
August 1996. At a meeting of the Personnel Testing Council
of Metropolitan Washington, Gottfredson speaks on "Perspectives
on Diversity."]
Gottfredson,
Linda. "The Hollow Shell of a Test: Comment on the 1995 Technical
Report Describing the New Nassau County Police Entrance Examination."
Unpublished paper, September 17, 1996.
[3
October 1996. A listing of faculty grants in the University
of Delaware's UpDate, vol. 16, includes: "Linda
Gottfredson, educational studies, $99,251 from The Pioneer Fund
Inc. for "The Study of Intelligence and Society."]
Gottfredson,
Linda S. "Racially Gerrymandered Police Tests."
Wall Street Journal (October 24, 1996), A16.
Cited
in:
Robert D Alt (Center for Individual Rights),
"Toward Equal Protection: A Review of Affirmative Action,"
Washburn Law Journal 36 (Winter 1997)
Frank W Erwin, Review of Backfire: A Reporter's
Look at Affirmative Action by Bob Zelnick, in Personnel
Psychology 50 (Summer 1997): 478-481
Neal Schmitt, et. al., "Adverse Impact
and Predictive Efficiency of Various Predictor Combinations,"
Journal of Applied Psychology 82 (October 1997): 719-730
[28
October 1996. Gottfredson posts a message "Reply to
Questions on WSJ Article" on the HR Net mailing list.]
Patrick,
Deval L. "Police Test Is Fair to All Who Take It."
Letter. Wall Street Journal (November 13, 1996),
A23.
[16
November 1996. Sheldon Zedeck posts a message on the IPMAAC
mailing list: "Dr. Gottfredson was not involved in
the Nassau project and never asked anyone on the project any questions
or for information about what was done prior to her submission
of the Wall Street Journal letter or her transmission of a 'paper'
over email. The letter and article contain incorrect information
and make assumptions about the procedures, strategies, and motives
of the experts involved that have no foundation."]
[21
November 1996. Gottfredson letter to the editor of the
Wall Street Journal responding to Duval Patrick's November
13th letter. She posts the letter under the heading "Response
to Deval Patrick on Nassau County Test" on the HRNET and
IPMAAC mailing lists. It is published in the December 10th
edition of the Wall Street Journal.]
[28
November 1996. Gottfredson posts three messages on the
HRNET and IPMAAC mailing lists: internet postings,
"F. Schmidt Commentary on Nassau," "C. Russell
Commentary on Nassau Police Exam," and "Success Getting
Nassau Report?"]
[9
December 1996. Gottfredson posts a message, "SIOP
Session on Nassau County Test," on the IPMAAC mailing list,
in which she protests that the arrangements are "a stacked
deck."]
Gottfredson,
Linda S. "New Police Test Will Be a Disaster."
Letter. Wall Street Journal (December 10, 1996),
A23.
[Gottfredson posted a message on the IPMAAC
mailing list on December 10th offering to FAX copies of her and
Schmidt's WSJ letters to interested persons.]
Schmidt,
Frank L. "New Police Test Will Be a Disaster."
Letter. Wall Street Journal (December 10, 1996),
A23.
[11
December 1996. Gottfredson posts a message headed "Am
Writing More on Nassau Test" on the IPMAAC mailing list:
"I am writing an article on the Nassau County police test,
due January 1, for a special issue of APA's new journal, PSYCHOLOGY,
PUBLIC POLICY, AND LAW.
"Some weeks ago I invited Sheldon Zedeck
to respond to my criticisms so that I could take the Nassau team's
views into account in writing the piece. He and his Nassau
test development colleagues agreed, and I look forward to receiving
their comments."]
[18
December 1996. Gottfredson posts a message titled "Critique
and Data," addressed to the Nassau County test development
team, on the IPMAAC mailing list.]
Gottfredson,
Linda S. "Confronting the New Particularism in Academe."
Journal of Management Inquiry 5 (1996): 319-325.
[Vol. 5, no. 2.]
Cited
in:
KR Xin, "Attention Globetrotters: Read
Between the Lines," Journal of Management Inquiry
6 (1997): 355-359
LA Krefting, SL Kirby and FJ Krzystofiak, "Managing
Diversity as a Proxy for Requisite Variety: Risks in Identity-Conscious
Inclusion and Pressures to Conform," Journal of Management
Inquiry 6 (1997): 376-389
Gottfredson,
Linda S. "Gottfredson's Theory of Circumscription
and Compromise." Career Choice and Development,
edited by Duane Brown and Linda Brooks. Third edition.
San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1996.
Cited
in:
Jay W Rojewski, "Characteristics of Students
Who Express Stable or Undecided Occupational Expectations During
Early Adolescence," Journal of Career Assessment 5
(Winter 1997): 1-20
Roger L Worthington and Cindy L Juntunen, "The
Vocational Development of Non-College-Bound Youth: Counseling
Psychology and the School-to-Work Transition Movement," Counseling
Psychologist 25 (July 1997): 323-363
Helen S Farmer, "Women's' Motivation
Related to Mastery, Career Salience, and Career Aspiration: A
Multivariate Model Focusing on the Effects of Sex-Role Socialization,"
Journal of Career Assessment 5 (Fall 1997): 355-381
Leonore W Harmon, "Do Gender Differences
Necessitate Separate Career Development Theories and Measures?,"
Journal of Career Assessment 5 (Fall 1997): 463-470
1997
Lynch,
Frederick R. The Diversity Machine: The Drive
to Change the "White Male Workplace". New
York: Free Press, 1997.
[Lynch refers to Gottfredson (p. 372) among
"professional social science colleagues providing useful,
critical input." She is cited in the text. Lynch's
earlier work on affirmative action had cited Robert A. Gordon.]
Goldberg,
David Theo. Racial Subjects: Writing on Race in
America. New York: Routledge, 1997.
[At page 145, in a chapter entitled "Between
Blacks and Jews," Goldberg writes: "It is this sensitivity
[to the concerns of others] that has been all but drowned out,
if not altogether lost, to the bellows of Farrakhan and his followers,
and the grunts of Jews about schwarzes; to the groans and
grumblings over affirmative action; to Johnnie Cochran's
Nation of Islam bodyguards and Bob Schwartz's acrimonious accusations
of anti-Semitism; to Afrocentric claims about Jewish control
of the slave trade and Hollywood; to Pat Robertson's claims
about the cabal of Jewish bankers controlling global capital markets;
and to Michael Levin's, Richard Herrnstein's, and Linda Gottfredson's
insupportable claims about inherent black criminality or intellectual
inferiority. Lost beneath the clatter are quiet alliances
between blacks and Jews ..." Goldberg mistakenly identifies
controversies surrounding Gottfredson as a special problem for
Jewish-Black relations.]
Dunnette,
Marvin, Irwin Goldstein, Leaetta Hough, David Jones, James Outtz,
Erich Prien, Neal Schmitt, Bernard Siskin, and Sheldon Zedeck.
"Response to Criticisms of Nassau County Test Construction
and Validation Project." Unpublished manuscript, January
12, 1997.
[This is available on the IPMAAC web page
at www.ipmaac.org/nassau/zedeck.html
.]
[December
1996-February 1997. Chris Brand's The g Factor Newsletters
(Dec. 1996-Feb. 1997), available at www.cycad.com/cgi-bin/Brand/news/tgfc96-97.html
, contains three items related to Gottfredson:
(1) In an entry dated January 10,
1997, Brand lists individuals he "would like to thank for
their help and encouragement in 1996." Gottfredson
is among them.
(2) "ECONOMIST RECOGNIZES
IMPORTANCE OF IQ! A new book about the long-term unemployed
does not hesitate to point to low intelligence as a key feature
of what is quite often sheer unemployablility in a modern economy
... The more usual attitude is that of Howard Davies, the deputy
governor of the Bank of England who, in reviewing [How to Save
the Underclass by Robin Marris] found Marris' stress on IQ
'uncomfortable' ... and opined 'I doubt that IQ is the best proxy
measure of skill.' -- Davies is in for a shock when he
reads Linda Gottfredson's article 'Why 'g' matters: the complexity
of everyday life' (forthcoming in a Special Issue of the journal
'Intelligence')."
(3) "DUMBING DOWN THE POLICE
In New York, my 'Journal of Biosocial Science' article about the
importance of intelligence, especially in police work, has yet
to achieve significant circulation. Judging by the letter
to the 'Wall Street Journal', US police forces (most recently
in Nassau County) are caving in to PeeCee pressures to abandon
selection by IQ. Instead, new tests have supposedly been
invented that allow near-illiterate Black applicants to pass.
Just what these new tests measure is quite unknown since the Justice
Department and its consulting team will not release the evidence
necessary to support their validity claim (Linda Gottfredson,
"WSJ', 10 xii 1996)."]
Seligman,
Daniel. "Brains in the Office." Fortune
135 (January 13, 1997): 38.
[Discusses the January-February issue of
Intelligence.]
[27
January 1997. Gottfredson posts a message, "Intelligence
in Jobs and Everyday Life," on the HR Net mailing list, describing
the forthcoming special issue of Intelligence.]
Gottfredson,
Linda S. "Forward to 'Intelligence and Social Policy'."
Intelligence 24 (January-February 1997): 1-12.
[This is a special issue, edited by Gottfredson,
devoted to "Intelligence and Social Policy." She
notes: "Acknowledgement: I
gratefully acknowledge a grant from the Pioneer Fund, Inc., which
enabled me to double the number of pages in this special issue."
Douglas K Detterman, the editor of Intelligence,
said the issue "was planned as an ... extension of the collective
statement, 'Mainstream Science on Intelligence,' which was published
in the Wall Street Journal in December 1994."
Most contributors to the issue signed the 1994 statement.
Gottfredson distributed copies of this issue
free upon request, compliments of the Project for the Study of
Intelligence and Society, which she directs with Robert A Gordon.
An accompanying letter stated: "There has been much
public debate since publication of The Bell Curve about
the role of intelligence in social life and social policy.
That discussion has been highly emotional and often badly mistaken
about basic scientific knowledge concerning intelligence.
"The enclosed special issue of ... Intelligence ...
aims to move discourse in more productive directions. It
first clears away common misconceptions about intelligence and
then illustrates new ways of understanding the relevance of intelligence
in policy domains, including education, employment, crime, health,
HIV prevalence, poverty, and public opinion on the O.J. Simpson
trial."
The other contributors are:
John B Carroll, "Psychometrics, Intelligence,
and Public Perception" (pp. 25-52)
Robert Plomin and Stephen A Petrill, "Genetics
and Intelligence" (pp. 53-77)
David C Rowe, "A Place at the Policy Table?:
Behavior Genetics and Estimates of Family Environmental Effects
on IQ" (pp. 133-158)
David Lubinski and Lloyd G Humphreys, "Incorporating
General Intelligence Into Epidemiology and the Social Sciences"
(pp. 159-201)
Robert A Gordon, "Everyday Life as an
Intelligence Test: Effects of Intelligence and Intelligence
Context" (pp. 203-320)]
Cited
in:
Chris Brand, "Doing Something About g,"
Intelligence 22 (1996): 311-326
LS Gottfredson, "Confronting the New Particularism
in Academe," Journal of Management Inquiry 5 (1996):
319-325
LS Gottfredson, Review of Prescription for
Failure: Race Relations in the Age of Social Science by Byron
Roth, in Political Psychology, March 1997
Gottfredson, "The Flight from g in Employment
Testing" (1997)
Julian C Stanley, "Varieties of Intellectual
Talent," Journal of Creative Behavior 31 (1997): 93-119
Gottfredson,
Linda S. "Mainstream Science on Intelligence:
An Editorial with 52 Signatories, History, and Bibliography."
Intelligence 24 (January-February 1997): 13-23.
Cited
in:
David Lubinski and Lloyd G Humphreys, "Incorporating
General Intelligence Into Epidemiology and the Social Sciences,"
Intelligence 24 (January-February 1997): 159-201
Camilla Persson Benbow, "Psychological
Aspects of Giftedness," Review of Gifted Children
by Ellen Winner, in Contemporary Psychology 43 (January
1998): 13-15
Gottfredson,
Linda S. "Why g Matters: The Complexity of Everyday
Life." Intelligence 24 (January-February 1997):
79-132.
Cited
in:
John B Carroll, "Psychometrics, Intelligence,
and Public Perception," Intelligence 24 (January-February
1997): 25-52
David C Rowe, "A Place at the Policy Table?:
Behavior Genetics and Estimates of Family Environmental Effects
on IQ," Intelligence 24 (January-February 1997): 133-158
David Lubinski and Lloyd G Humphreys, "Incorporating
General Intelligence Into Epidemiology and the Social Sciences,"
Intelligence 24 (January-February 1997): 159-201
Robert A Gordon, "Everyday Life as an
Intelligence Test: Effects of Intelligence and Intelligence Context,"
Intelligence 24 (January-February 1997): 203-320
Gottfredson, "The Flight from g in
Employment Testing," (1997)
Frank Schmidt, Review of The Mismeasure
of Man (revised and expanded) by Stephen Jay Gould, in Personnel
Psychology 50 (Summer 1997): 485-489
Stephen J Ceci and Wendy M Williams, "Schooling,
Intelligence, and Income," American Psychologist 52
(October 1997): 1051-1058
Wendy M Williams and Stephen J Ceci, "Are
Americans Becoming More or Less Alike?: Trends in Race, Class,
and Ability Differences in Intelligence," American Psychologist
52 (November 1997): 1226-1235
Camilla Persson
Benbow, "Psychological Aspects of Giftedness," Review
of Gifted Children by Ellen Winner, in Contemporary
Psychology 43 (January 1998): 13-15
Lubinski,
David, and Lloyd G. Humphreys. "Incorporating General
Intelligence Into Epidemiology and the Social Sciences."
Intelligence 24 (January-February 1997): 159-201.
[The authors acknowledge discussions and
suggestions provided by LS Gottfredson and Robert A Gordon.]
Gordon,
Robert A. "Everyday Life as an Intelligence Test:
Effects of Intelligence and Intelligence Context."
Intelligence 24 (January-February 1997): 203-320.
["Acknowledgment:
Linda S. Gottfredson, guest editor of this special issue, provided
especially relevant references and insightful comments, as well
as extremely helpful editing suggestions. her valuable contributions
are acknowledged with gratitude."]
[February
1997. A paperback edition of Rushton's Race, Evolution
and Behavior is released. The back cover and publisher's
promotional material feature a quote from Gottfredson's Politics
and the Life Sciences review the book (the opening line of
the review). This edition includes a new afterword by Rushton
in which he cites her review.]
Whitaker,
William A. White Male Applicant: An Affirmative
Action Exposé. Smyrna, Delaware: Apropos Press,
1997.
[The author included a chapter on race
norming largely based on Gottfredson.]
Gottfredson,
Linda S. "Racially Gerrymandering the Content of Police
Tests to Satisfy U.S. Justice Department: A Case Study."
Unpublished paper, February 6, 1997.
[To appear in the APA journal Psychology,
Public Policy, and Law. Available online at www.ipmaac.org/nassau/gottfredson3.html
.]
Gottfredson,
Linda S. "TDAC's Defense of Its Nassau County Police Exam
Makes My Point." Unpublished paper, February 28, 1997.
[Available at www.ipmaac.org/nassau/gottfredson4.html
.]
Gottfredson,
Linda S. Review of Prescription for Failure: Race Relations
in the Age of Social Science by Byron M. Roth. In Political
Psychology 18 (March 1997): 209-215.
[This is part of a paired review of Roth.
The other evaluation of the book, by David O Sears of UCLA, appears
on pages 215-222.]
O'Neil,
Robert M. Free Speech in the College Community.
Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press,
1997.
[Published March 1997. Chapter 8, on the
permissible limits on freedom of academic research, contains a
long discussion of the Gottfredson case at Delaware.]
[5
March 1997. Gottfredson posts a message on the IPMAAC mailing
list informing readers that she has put two new papers on the
IPMAAC website. They are "Racially Gerrymandering the
Content of Police Tests to Satisfy U.S. Justice Department: A
Case Study" (February 6, 1997) and "TDAC's Defense of
Its Nassau County Police Exam Makes My Point" (February 28,
1997).]
[13-14
March 1997. The Personnel Testing Council of Northern California
holds its 11th annual spring conference in Sacramento. Gottfredson
speaks on merit-based selection.]
[24
March 1997. 68 co-plaintiffs file suit against Nassau county
in federal district court. They are represented by the Atlantic
Legal Foundation, which, like Gottfredson, has received Pioneer
Fund grants.]
[12
April 1997. Annual meeting of the Society for Industrial
and Organizational Psychology (SIOP), in St Louis. Gottfredson
presents a paper, "Vacuous Defense of a Hollow Test:
Commentary on the 1994 Nassau County Police Exam," at a session
on "Police Selection in Nassau County: Validity and
Demographic Diversity." The paper is available online
at www.ipmaac.org/nassau/gottfredson5.html
. Paul R Sackett and Kevin R Murphy also participated in
the session. See the paper by Frank Schmidt, "Comments
on the 1997 SIOP Symposium on the Nassau County Police Test,"
April 1997, which is available online at http://www.ipmaac.org/nassau/schmidt2.html
. Schmidt writes: "This symposium may have been
the most popular event on the program at the ... [SIOP meeting].
More than 300 people attended it. The idea for this symposium
came from Linda Gottfredson, and it was her intent that I be on
the panel, to ensure some semblance of balance. But panel
members involved in developing the Nassau test, and who were defending
it, threatened to withdraw if I was included. So the panel
wound up with only one critic of the test (Linda) and many defenders
-- a very unbalanced panel."
Also see Frank W. Erwin, "SIOP - St. Louis
- 1997 and The Nassau County Police Test Symposium," June
1997, available at http://www.ipmaac.org/nassau/erwin.html
. Erwin writes: "There was ... on event -- an
'invited' symposium on the Nassau County Police Test -- which
wasn't really invited or a symposium at all. It was a one-sided
gangup instead of the debate it could and should have been and
Linda Gottfredson, who was alone on the dais in terms of position,
had been denied the debate she requested, or even a more balanced
group. She had asked, for example, that Frank Schmidt be
on the panel and even offered to give him half of her time
instead of additional time, but those involved in developing the
Nassau work threatened to withdraw if he were to be included.
Although Dr. Gottfredson held her own her view and the
view of many other leading professionals on the Nassau project,
there have been a number of demonizings and misleading representations
made about Dr. Gottfredson and the Nassau project which could
have been cleared up had those attending been given a more balanced
presentation. Because she has objected to what was done
in Nassau, Linda Gottfredson has been called a racist, she has
had previous views misrepresented, she has been castigated in
terms of funding she's received on other works (as if the Justice
Department's money, support or coercion was angelic) and she has
been falsely and repeatedly repeatedly accused of having been
paid to review the Nassau work. She's also been chastised
by the developers for not asking for the Nassau report's missing
data before she wrote her Wall Street Journal article."]
Barnes,
John A. "Quota Hires in Blue." The Weekly
Standard 2 (April 14, 1997): 15-16.
[Barnes is an editorial writer for the New
York Post. He writes: "... as Linda
Gottfredson, a University of Delaware education professor who
analyzed the validation criteria that were used to grade the test,
commented, the Nassau exam constitutes 'a case study in racially
gerrymandering the content of a test.' ... After Gottfredson published
her findings in the Wall Street Journal last October, then-assistant
attorney general for civil rights Deval Patrick replied with an
exceedingly tendentious letter in which he refused to rebut the
professor's arguments in detail. He blandly asserted, without
offering evidence, that the Nassau test would 'improve the police
department.' Patrick then added the scurrilous (and totally
false) charge that Gottfredson had a financial interest in discrediting
the Nassau test. The likely upshot? As Gottfredson
herself noted, the consequences of dumbing-down police tests are
already well known." Gottfredson arranged for Barnes's
article to be posted on the IPMAAC web site at www.ipmaac.org/nassau/wklystd.html
.]
[May
1997. Law and Order magazine carries a report on
the Nassau County controversy.]
[20
May 1997. Linda Gottfredson testifies before the Constitution
Subcommittee of the House Judiciary Committee on the U.S. Department
of Justice's involvement with the 1994 Nassau County Police Entrance
Examination. The text of her testimony is available online
at http://www.ipmaac.org/nassau/gottfredson6.html
.]
[22-23
May 1997. Conference on "Vocational Interests: Meaning,
Measurement, and Use in Counseling," at Lehigh University
in Bethlehem, PA, co-sponsored by the Society for Vocational Psychology,
Lehigh's counseling psychology program, and the Behavioral Sciences
Department of the Northeastern Ohio Universities College of Medicine
(NEOUCOM). This was the third conference in the "Advances
in Vocational Psychology" series. Its organizers were
Arnold R. Spokane of Lehigh University and Mark L. Savickas of
NEOUCOM. Gottfredson spoke on the first day. Her lecture,
entitled "Origin and Development of Interests," was
described in Vocational Psychology News 8 (Spring-Summer
1997): "Linda Gottfredson, Ph.D. then examined [vocational]
interests in terms of behavioral genetics and heritability.
Dr. Gottfredson described the synergy of heredity and environment,
commenting that environment may spark hereditary predispositions
by providing opportunities for realizing those predispositions."]
[9
June 1997. Gottfredson posts a message, "New Commentary
and Testimony on Nassau Controversy," on the IPMAAC mailing
list, informing readers that Frank Schmidt's commentary on the
April 12th SIOP symposium and her own May 20th House testimony
are now available on the IPMAAC website.]
Price,
David A. "Dumbing Down the Police Force: For
Diversity's Sake, Feds Fight Cognitive Tests." Investor's
Business Daily (June 13, 1997)
[Available at http://www.ipmaac.org/nassau/ibd.html
. The author quotes Gottfredson: "'Police jobs,
like all middle- and high-complexity jobs, require cognitive skills,'
said Linda Gottfredson of the University of Delaware education
department, a critic of Justice's campaign. 'The research
shows that cognitive tests will to some extent predict performance
in those jobs'."]
[17
June 1997. Robert A. Gordon, "How Smart Are We About
What We Broadcast: An Open Letter to ABC News."
This is available at www.pioneerfund.org/ABCletter.html
. Gordon writes: "The two American Agenda segments
on intelligence, using different reporters, thus cannily excluded
from the discussion of scientific issues scientists who were interviewed
at length by ABC News, such as Professors Gordon, Linda Gottfredson,
and Philippe Rushton, who could have addressed scientific criticisms
knowledgeably if afforded an opportunity to do so ... Long interviews
recorded with two of these individuals [i.e., Gottfredson and
Rushton] were not included at all in either segment ... No notice
at all, in fact, was taken of the large amount of material supplied
to you by Professor Linda Gottfredson and me of the stature of
many Pioneer recipients and their frequent citation in a standard
work on intelligence other than The Bell Curve."]
[22-26
June 1997. International Personnel Management Association
Assessment Council (IPMAAC) Conference on Professional Personnel
Assessment, in Newport Beach, CA (see http://www.ipmaac.org/conf97.html
.) On June 25th, Gottfredson is the Mid-Atlantic Personnel
Assessment Consortium (MAPAC) Invited Speaker. She reads
"The Flight from g in Employment Testing" (see http://ipmaac.org/files/conf97/gottfredson.pdf
.)]
Schmidt,
Frank. Review of The Mismeasure of Man (revised
and expanded) by Stephen Jay Gould. In Personnel Psychology
50 (Summer 1997): 485-489.
[Cites Gottfredson, "Why g Matters:
The Complexity of Everyday Life," Psychology, Public Policy,
and Law (in press).]
[24-26
September 1997. Fall Meeting of the Mid-Atlantic Personnel
Assessment Consortium, in Baltimore. Gottfredson speaks
on "Cognitive Ability Testing." See Assessment
Council News, August 1997.]
Gottfredson,
Linda S. "Race in the U.S.A.: We've Come a Long
Way, Baby?" Review of America in Black and White
by Stephan Thernstrom and Abigail Thernstrom. In Washington
Times (September 28, 1997), B8.
Gottfredson,
Linda S., and Richard T. Lapan. "Assessing Gender-Based
Circumscription of Occupational Aspirations." Journal
of Career Assessment 5 (Fall 1997): 419-442.
Cited
in:
Leonore W Harmon, "Do Gender Differences
Necessitate Separate Career Development Theories and Measures?,"
Journal of Career Assessment 5 (Fall 1997): 463-470
Gottfredson,
Linda S. Review of Inequality by Design: Cracking
the Bell Curve Myth by Claude S. Fischer, et. al. In
Personnel Psychology 50 (Autumn 1997): 741-74
Seligman,
Dan. "The Gary Cooper Factor." Forbes
(November 3, 1997):
[Refers to the issue of Intelligence
edited by Gottfredson.]
Shearer,
Stevan Ray. "Racism and The Bell Curve:
Christians Had Better Be Careful." In An Anthology:
Selected Articles from Three Years of Religion in Politics,
edited by Stevan Ray Shearer. Sacramento: Institute
for the Study of Religion in Politics, 1997.
[" ... the references that [Herrnstein and
Murray] cite in The Bell Curve do little to alleviate the
fear the book has engendered in the minority communities.
For example, they approvingly allude to the works of men and women
like William Shockley, Arthur Jensen, Linda Gottfredson, and J.
Philippe Rushton - scholars whose research, they contend, has
been maligned by ideologically motivated 'environmentalists,'
'egalitarians,' and 'politically correct' liberals. The
authors strenuously contend that Shockley, Jensen, Gottfredson,
Rushton, etc. are nothing more than tough-minded scientists who
are courageously pursuing the truth in the face of great personal
danger and academic ostracism ...
"Rushton, along with nearly all those
who are similarly engaged, is a major recipient of Pioneer grants.
This includes Arthur Jensen, William Shockley, Linda Gottfredson,
Thomas Bouchard ... , as well as Richard Lynn." This
essay was reprinted from the journal Religion in Politics
and is available at http://www.isrp.org/bellcrv.html .]
Levin,
Michael. Why Race Matters: Race Differences and
What They Mean. Human Evolution, Behavior, and Intelligence
Series, edited by Seymour Itzkoff. Westport, Connecticut:
Praeger, 1997.
1998
Andrews,
Louis R. "Does Race Matter?: New Developments."
pinc 2 (February 1998):
[pinc is an on-line journal edited
by Gavan Tredoux, who also maintains the Upstream website.
Andrews' article is at http://www.cycad.com/cgi-bin/pinc/feb98/lrand-race.html
. He is on pinc's editorial board and maintains the
Stalking the Wild Taboo website. He writes: "The
Thernstroms [in America in Black and White] note that there
has been little change in the relative wages of black versus white
men since the early 1970s. They have lots of interesting
data about the effect, or lack of effect, of affirmative action
on black employment. However, it is curious that they do
not once mention the pioneering work of Linda Gottfredson on black
employment.
"[Michael] Levin [in Why Race Matters]
summarizes Gottfredson's work, originally published in the Journal
of Vocational Behavior in 1986 and 1988. Using US Department
of Labor IQ estimates for various job descriptions from meat cutter
to physician, Gottfredson demonstrates that blacks are more numerous
in higher IQ level positions that [sic] their IQ would allow
based on population size. Instead of discrimination against
blacks in these areas there appears to have been discrimination
in favor of blacks."]
Miele,
Frank. "IQ in Review: Getting at the Hyphen in
the Nature-Nurture Debate." Review of Intelligence
(vol. 24, no. 1) edited by Linda S. Gottfredson, The Scientific
Study of Human Nature edited by Helmuth Nyborg, Uniting
Psychology and Biology edited by Nancy Segal, Glen E. Weisfeld,
and C.C. Weisfeld, Intelligence, Heredity, and Environment
edited by Robert J. Sternberg and Elena Grigorenko, and American
Psychologist (vol. 52, no. 10). In Skeptic
5 (1997): 91-95.
[9
March 1998. Louis R. Andrews posts a message on the American
Renaissance and Upstream mailing lists: "The latest
issue of Skeptic has an article - "IQ in Review: Getting
at the Hyphen in the Nature-Nurture Debate" - which reviews
the most recent publications including the special issue of Intelligence
by Linda Gottfredson. Very well done and recommended."]
[3
May 1998. Gottfredson message on the HBE-L mailing list:
"I have followed the discussion of intelligence with great
interest. I second the suggestion that people look at Art
Jensen's new book, THE g FACTOR. You might also find useful
the Jan 97 special issue of the journal INTELLIGENCE, which was
devoted to 'Intelligence and Social Policy.'
"I would be happy to snail mail that issue (gratis) to anyone
who emails me their address ... "]
[14
May 1998. A message posted on the ANTHRO-L list by Andrew
Smyth on the subject "Egalitarians Who Have Changed Their
Minds" states: "Linda S. Gottfredson once espoused
egalitarian views but slowly changed her mind." A second
message on the subject "Quotes from Linda Gottfredson"
posted by him the same day quotes a long passage from her Winter
1996 article in American Scholar.]
[21-23
May 1998. Fourth Biennial Henry B. and Jocelyn Wallace National
Research Symposium on Talent Development, University of Iowa,
Iowa City. Gottfredson is an invited presenter. (Others
include Douglas K. Detterman and David Lubinski.)]
"Forthcoming"
Gottfredson,
Linda S. "Intelligence versus Training: Job Performance
and Black-White Occupational Inequality." Personality
and Individual Differences
[Gottfredson cited this as forthcoming "Societal
Consequences of the g Factor in Employment," Journal of
Vocational Behavior (1986) and "Reconsidering Fairness,"
Journal of Vocational Behavior (1988). Nothing
by her has appeared in Personality and Individual Differences.]
Revised:
June 29, 1998
