Intrinsic Motivation
(
Brandt 1995/Chance
1992The following are
traits of human nature:
-
To be curious
-
To be active
- To initiate thought and behavior
- To make meaning from experience
- To be effective at what we value
Intrinsic motivation occurs when the learning
activity and the learning environment elicit motivation in the student.
We do not motivate students but rather create,
through our teaching, opportunities that can evoke motivation in students.
The following help to create intrinsic
motivation:
- When the goals and rewards of the learning
are meaningful to the learner
- When the learning is important to the student
- When the learning assists the learner in
obtaining valued accomplishments
- When the learning assists the learners in
integrating themselves with the world, with others, and promotes
self-awareness
Extrinsic Motivation
Ryan and Deci (1996),
Kohn (1993)
In the classroom, it is a way of doing things to
children rather than working with them" KOHN, 1993 (p.784). This view of
management disregards a child's ability to think and reason on their own, not
allowing them the chance to develop self-determination or independent thinking.
Punishments or rewards are used to control the
motivation of the students.
In situations where one person (the teacher) is
clearly in power, extrinsic motivation has a greater opportunity to be
effective.
In situations where the students believe their
perspectives are valid and their rights are equal to the person distributing the
rewards or punishment, there is often the formation of "power-relationships”
with a high probability of subversion, conflict, and/or resentment.
References:
(from http://seamonkey.ed.asu.edu/~jimbo/RIBARY_Folder/resource.htm)
Brandt, R. (1995). Punished by rewards? A
conversation with Alfie Kohn. Educational Leadership, 53, 13-16.
Chance, P. (1992). The rewards of learning. Phi
Delta Kappan, 73, 200-207.
Deci, E. (1971). Effects of externally mediated
rewards on intrinsic motivation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,
18, 105-115.
Deci, E. & Ryan, R. (1985). Intrinsic Motivation
and Self-Determination in Human Behavior. New York: Plenum.
Eskeles-Gottfried, A., Fleming, J. & Gottfried,
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104-113.
Fabes, R. (1989). Effects of rewards on
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66, 1-4.
Lepper, M., Greene, D., & Nisbett, R. (1973).
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Personality and Social Psychology, 28, 129-137.
Lepper, M., & Greene, D. (1978). The Hidden Cost
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Young Children, 50, 26-28.
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Portsmouth, NH.: Heinemann.
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clash: Comments on Cameron and Pierce's claim that rewards do not undermine
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