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Based on empirical studies outlined in the book Frames of Mind, by
Howard Gardner (Harvard University). We need to assess intelligence in
multiple ways, not through the lens of linguistic or logical mathematical means
alone.
Spatial intelligence, for example, is best measured by letting someone
explore a terrain for a while and then see if they can find their way around it
reliably.
Definition of Intelligence
Intelligence is a biological and psychological potential – it is
realized to a greater or lesser extent as a consequence of experiential,
cultural, and motivational factors – that affect a person.
Included in this are:
- Linguistic
- Logical mathematical
- Spatial
- Musical
- Kinesthetic /tactile
- Interpersonal
- Intrapersonal
Definition of a Domain
A domain is an organized set of activities within a culture –
characterized by a specific symbol system and its attendant operations – areas
of expertise can be identified and nurtured (i.e. Physics, chess).
Domains are formed by the combination of many different intelligences.
Definition of a Field
A field is a set of individuals or institutions that judge the
acceptability and creativity of products fashioned by individuals within
established or new domains.
Definition of Learning Style
Learning Style designates a general approach that an individual can
apply equally to any content. However, it is not clear that a person would (for
example) be reflective regardless of content.
Gardner is not suggesting that each topic should be approached in 7-8
different ways – in fact he sees this as a waste of time. Gardner recommends
that teachers have "multiple windows to the same room." If a teacher presents
information – such as content, skills, or processes – in one uniform way, this
approach will only serve a minority of learners.
By using multiple teaching styles, students see that an expert must be able
to present information in many different ways – and students discover that they
are capable of learning and representing information in multiple ways.
Gardner says, "We try to cover too much material and a superficial
understanding [and misunderstanding] is the result – it makes more sense to
spend a significant amount of time on key concepts, generative ideas and
essential questions, and to allow learners to become thoroughly familiar with
these notions and their implications.”
Pluralistic approaches open up the possibilities that learners can display
new understandings and difficulties in ways that are comfortable to them and
assessable to others.
We need to take differences among learners seriously – we need to educate
students according to these differences. |
